ICFA Standing Committee on Interregional Connectivity SCIC

1

• ICFA Standing Committee on
  Interregional Connectivity (SCIC)

Harvey B. Newman California
Institute of TechnologyICFA Meeting,
TsukubaFebruary 13, 2003
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SCIC in 2003

• Formed WGs in March Overall 9 Meetings in 12
  Months
• Strong Focus on the Digital Divide
• Presentations at Meetings and Workshops(e.g.
  LISHEP, APAN, AMPATH, ICFA Seminar)
• HENP more visible to governments in the WSIS
  Process
• Five Reports Presented to ICFA Today
• Main Report Networking for HENP H. Newman et
  al.
• Monitoring Working Group L. Cottrell
  
• Advanced Technologies WG R. Hughes-Jones,
  
  O. Martin et al.
• Digital Divide A. Santoro et al.
• Digital Divide in Russia V. Ilyin

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SCIC in 2003A Period of Intensive Activity

• New Web Page http//cern.ch/ICFA-SCIC/
• Monitoring Les Cottrell (http//www.slac.stanfor
  d.edu/xorg/icfa/scic-netmon) With Richard
  Hughes-Jones (Manchester), Sergio Novaes (Sao
  Paolo) Sergei Berezhnev (RUHEP), Fukuko Yuasa
  (KEK), Daniel Davids (CERN), Sylvain Ravot
  (Caltech), Shawn McKee (Michigan)
• Advanced Technologies Richard Hughes-Jones,With
  Vladimir Korenkov (JINR, Dubna), Olivier
  Martin(CERN), Harvey Newman
• The Digital Divide Alberto Santoro (Rio, Brazil)
  
• With V. Ilyin (MSU), Y. Karita(KEK), D.O.
  Williams (CERN)
• Also D. Son (Korea), H. Hoorani, S. Zaidi
  (Pakistan), S. Banerjee (India), V. White
  (FNAL), J. Ibarra and Heidi Alvarez (AMPATH)
• Key Requirements Harvey Newman and Charlie Young
  (SLAC)

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SCIC General Conclusion for 2002Setting the Tone
for 2003

• The scale and capability of networks, their
  pervasiveness and range of applications in
  everyday life, and HENPs dependence on networks
  for its research are all increasing rapidly.
• One recent development accelerating this trend is
  the worldwide development and deployment of
  data-intensive Grids
• Especially as physicists develop ways to do data
  analysis, and collaborate in a Grid-enabled
  working environment
• However, as the pace of network advances
  continues to accelerate, the gap between the
  economically favored regions and the rest of
  the world is in danger of widening.
• We must therefore work to Close the Digital
  Divide
• To make Physicists from All World Regions Full
  Partners in the scientific process of Search
  and Discovery
• This is essential for the health of our global
  experimental collaborations, our plans for
  future projects, and our field.

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2001 Transatlantic Net WG Bandwidth
Requirements

See http//gate.hep.anl.gov/lprice/TAN. The
2001LHC requirements outlook now looks Very
Conservative in 2003
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History One large Research Site
Much of the TrafficSLAC ? IN2P3/RAL/INFNvia
ESnetFranceAbileneCERN
Current Traffic 400 MbpsESNet
LimitationProjections 0.5 to 24 Tbps by 2012
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Rapid Network Advances and the Digital Divide

• The current generation of 2.5-10 Gbps network
  backbones arrived in the last 15 Months in the
  US, Europe and Japan
• Major transoceanic links also are reaching 2.5 -
  10 Gbps
• Capability Increased 4 Times, i.e. 2-3 Times
  Moores Law
• This is a direct result of the continued
  precipitous fall of network prices for 2.5 or 10
  Gbps in these regions
• There are strong prospects for further advances
  that will cause the Divide to become a Chasm,
  Unless We Act For the Rich Regions
• DWDM More 10G wavelengths and/or 40G speeds on
  a fiber
• Advances in protocols, including TCP, to use
  networks efficiently at 1-10 Gigabit/sec (and
  eventually higher) speeds
• Cheap Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) 10GigE in campus
  metro backbones
• Owned or leased wavelengths in the last mile,
  the region, and across the country

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The Continued Rapid Fall of Network Prices

• Linked to the bad state of the world economy
• IT spending stagnated or declined, in the major
  markets
• Supply outstripped demand
• Telecom sector near a state of collapse
• Vendors were and are desperately seeking
  revenues
• Ironically the same market forces keep prices
  high where there is strong pent-up demand
  and/or little competition namely in the poorer
  markets.
• E.g. Russia, Southeast Europe, India, China,
  Pakistan
• Vendors jealous of their revenues
• Will not install new lower price technologies
• Governments do not help

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SuperSINET Updated Map October 2002


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(No Transcript)
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2003 OC192 and OC48 Links Coming Into
ServiceNeed to Consider Links to US HENP Labs
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National Light Rail Footprint

• NLR
• Buildout Started November 2002
• Initially 4 10 Gb Wavelengths
• To 40 10Gb Waves in Future

US Transition beginning now to optical,
multi-wavelength RE networks
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HENP is Learning How to Use Gbps Networks Fully
Factor of 100 Gain in Maximum Sustainable
Thruput in 15 Months, On Some USTransAtlantic
Routes

• 9/01 105 Mbps 30 Streams SLAC-IN2P3 102
  Mbps 1 Stream CIT-CERN
• 11/5/01 125 Mbps in One Stream (modified
  kernel) CIT-CERN
• 1/09/02 190 Mbps for One stream shared on 2
  155 Mbps links
• 3/11/02 120 Mbps Disk-to-Disk with One Stream
  on 155 Mbps link (Chicago-CERN)
• 5/20/02 450-600 Mbps SLAC-Manchester on OC12
  with 100 Streams
• 6/1/02 290 Mbps Chicago-CERN One Stream on
  OC12 (mod. Kernel)
• 9/02 850, 1350, 1900 Mbps Chicago-CERN
  1,2,3 GbE Streams, 2.5G Link
• 11-12/02 FAST TCP 940 Mbps in 1 Stream
  California-CERN
  9.4 Gbps in 10 Flows California-Chicago

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HENP Major Links Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario)
in Gbps
Continuing the Trend 1000 Times Bandwidth
Growth Per DecadeWe are Rapidly Learning to Use
Multi-Gbps Networks Dynamically
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HENP Lambda GridsFibers for Physics

• Problem Extract Small Data Subsets of 1 to 100
  Terabytes from 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Stores
• Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System,
  with hundreds of such transactions per day
  (circa 2007)requires that each transaction be
  completed in a relatively short time.
• Example Take 800 secs to complete the
  transaction. Then
• Transaction Size (TB) Net
  Throughput (Gbps)
• 1
  10
• 10
  100
• 100
  1000 (Capacity of
  Fiber
  Today)
• Summary Providing Switching of 10 Gbps
  wavelengthswithin 3-5 years and Terabit
  Switching within 5-8 yearswould enable
  Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions,as
  required to fully realize the discovery potential
  of major HENP programs, as well as other
  data-intensive fields.

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History - Throughput Quality
Improvements from US
80 annual improvement Factor 100/8 yr
Bandwidth of TCP lt MSS/(RTTSqrt(Loss)) (1)
Progress but Digital Divide is Maintained
(1) Matthis et al., Computer Communication Review
27(3), July 1997
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NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km)http//www.teren
a.nl/compendium/2002
100M
Logarithmic Scale
Leading
Nl
10M
Fi
Cz
Advanced
Hu
Es
1M
Ch
In Transition
It
Pl
Gr
100k
Ir
Lagging
10k
Ro
1k
Ukr
100
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Romania 155 Mbps to GEANT and BucharestInter-Ci
ty Links of 2, 8 and 34 Mbps in 2003
2 Mbps-POP

2 Mbps(backup)
8 Mbps
Botosani
Satu Mare
Baia Mare
Suceava
34 Mbps
GEANT connection
Iasi
155 Mbps
Bistrita
Zalau
Oradea
Piatra Neamt
Tg-Mures
Cluj
Arad
Bacau
Vaslui
Mircurea Ciuc
Timisoara
Alba Iulia
Focsani
Hunedoara
Sf. Gheorghe
Galati
Sibiu
Brasov
Buzau
Tîrgu Jiu
Rm.Vîlcae
Ploiesti
Pitesti
Tulcea
Resita
Braila
Tîrgoviste
Slobozia
Slatina
RoEduNetDecember 1, 2002
Tr. Severin
Calarasi
Bucuresti
Craiova
Constanta
Annual Cost 1 MEuro
Alexandria
Giurgiu
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Inhomogeneous Bandwidth Distributioin Latin
America. CAESAR Report (6/02)



Intl Links0.071 Gbps Used4,236 Gbps Capacity
Into Latin America
Need to Pay Attentionto End-point connections
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Recommendation Work to Close the Digital
Divide Bring the Needed Networks to All
Regions

• ICFA Members must work vigorously towards this
  goal Locally, Nationally and
  Internationally
• Why ?
• Physicists from all world regions have the Right
  to be full partners
• It is the basis of our global community, and
  our largest projects
• Involvement of students, and outreach to the
  community is vital to our field. In modern
  times, this is founded on networks.
• How ? We are the prototypical global
  community
• Developments by HENP of Grids, state-of-the-art
  networks and systems for collaborative work on a
  worldwide scale represent a unique opportunity,
  for science and society
• Work with SCIC other cognizant organizations
  see following
• And If We Dont ?
• We fail as a field, and as the first global
  community in science

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Recommendation Work to Close the Digital Divide

• Identify Help Solve Technical or Coordination
  Problems (1) Policy Problems
• Lack of Competition Policies Restricting Market
  Access, or
  New Infrastructure Installation
  High Market Prices 4 Vendor
  Rule ?
• Price Fixing Policies High BW subsidizes Low BW
• Lack of a Local or Regional Infrastructure
  and/or No plan to develop one No Policy
• (2) Coordination Problems
• Peering Transit Traffic Between Remote
  Communities
• (3) Knowledge Problems (Examples)
• What are the equipment and link technologies ?
  what are the end-to-end prices vs. BW in major
  markets ?
• Dark Fiber Installation ? Operation ? Price ?

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Recommendation Work to Close theDigital Divide
(Several Perspectives)

• Work on Policies and Pricing Pk, In, Br, CN, SE
  Europe, Africa
• Find Ways to work with vendors, NRENs, and/or
  Govts(e.g. Share pricing info. Encourage
  Competition)
• Help start and support Workshops on Networks,
  Grids, and advanced applications
• Help form regional support and training groups
  for network and Grid developments, operations,
  monitoring and troubleshooting
• Propose Inter-Regional Programs Example (South
  America)
• NSF FIU Proposal (1/2003) EU _at_LIS CLARA
  Proposal
• Use Model Cases Convince Neighboring Countries
• Poland (to 5k km Fiber) Slovakia Czech Republic
• Exploit One-off Solutions E.g. extend the SILK
  Project (DESY/FSU satellite links) to a SE
  European site
• Coordinate with Cognizant Organizations TERENA,
  Internet2, AMPATH, APAN, IEEAF, WSIS, etc. to
  help with solutions
• Join Forces with Other Fields (e.g. Astrophysics)

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Virtual Silk Highway Project Managed by
DESY and Partners

• Virtual SILK Highway Project (from 11/01) NATO
  ( 2.5 M) and Partners ( 1.1M)
• Satellite Links to South Caucasus and
  Central Asia (8 Countries)
• In 2001-2 (pre-SILK) BW 64-512 kbps
• Proposed VSAT to get 10-50 X BW for same cost
• See www.silkproject.org
• Partners CISCO, DESY. GEANT, UNDP, US
  State Dept., Worldbank, UC London, Univ.
  Groenigen
• SCIC Extend to a SE Europe Site ?

Note NATO Science for Peace Program
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Digital Divide Committee
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(No Transcript)
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CA-Tokyo by 6/03
NY-AMS Done 9/02
(Research)
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APAN Links in Asia January 2003


Japan-Korea Link 8 Mbps to 1 Gbps in January
2003IEEAF 10G 0.6G Links by June 2003
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PingER (Also IEPM-BW)
Monitoring Sites

• Measurements from
• 38 monitors in 12 countries
• 790 remote hosts in 70 Countries 3500
  monitor-remote site pairs
• Measurements go back to Jan-95
• Reports on link reliability, quality
• Countries monitored
• Contain 78 of world population
• 99 of Internet users

Remote Sites
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History Loss Quality
(Cottrell)

• Fewer sites have very poor to dreadful
  performance
• More have good performance(lt 1 Loss)

• BUT lt20 of the worldspopulation has Good
  orAcceptable performance

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Recommendation Strongly Supportand Extend the
Monitoring Project

• This is Imperative, to
• Quantify and Bridge the Digital Divide
• To Do Continue and Extend the Monitoring
  Coverageto All Countries
• ICFA Assistance Find Sites and Contacts in
  Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Macedonia,
  Yugoslavia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Pakistan 49 of 54
  countries in Africa
• Help identify Sources of Funding to Continue and
  Extendthe Monitoring, and to Better Share
  Information (Web Site)
• For all countries with HENP programs
• Funding Agency Representatives are Asked to Help
• US DOE or NSF for IEPM at SLAC
• EU for ICTP that is working with IEPM for
  Developing Nations

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Digital Divide Activities

• Questionnaire Distributed to Lab Directors
  and Major Experiments
• Plan on Project to Build HENP World Network
  Map Updated and Maintained on a Web Site,
  Backed by Database
• Systematize and Track Needs and Status
• Share Information On
• Links Bandwidths Pricing Vendors
  Technologies
• Problems Overloading ( Where) Quality
  Peering, etc.
• Requirements Are They Being Met ?
• Identify Urgent Cases Focus on Opportunities to
  Help
• Propose 1st ICFA SCIC Workshop Focus on the
  Digital Divide
• Target Date February 2004 in Rio de Janeiro
  (near LISHEP)
• Organization Meeting July 2003
• Plan Statement at the WSIS, Geneva (December
  2003)
• Install and Leave Behind a Good Network
• Then 1 (to 2) Workshops Per Year, at Sites that
  Need Help

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Digital Divide Sub-Committee Questionnaire
Response Extract
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World Summit on the Information Society(WSIS)
Geneva 12/2003 and Tunis in 2005

• The UN General Assembly adopted in 2001 a
  resolution endorsing the organization of the
  World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS),
  to be convened under the patronage of the United
  Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, with the
  International Telecommunication Union taking the
  lead role in its preparation along with
  interested UN organizations and the host
  countries.
• An Information Society A Common Definition,
  Adoptedin the Tokyo Declaration of January
  2003 One in which highly developed ICT
  networks, equitable and ubiquitous access to
  information, appropriate content in accessible
  formats and effective communication can help
  peopleachieve their potential
• The Summit will offer a unique opportunity for
  the world community to discuss and give shape to
  the Information Society by bringing together
  governments, international organizations, private
  sector and civil society.

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World Summit on the Information Society(WSIS)
Geneva 12/2003 and Tunis in 2005

• In preparation for the Summit regional
  conferences are organized to develop specific
  proposals
• Pan-European Regional Ministerial Conference,
  November 7-9, 2002, Bucharest
• Asia Regional Conference January 13-15, Tokyo
• Latin America and Caribbean Conference, January
  29-31, Bavaro
• Global Preparatory Meeting, February 17-28,
  Geneva
• CERN is preparing a Scientific Event in Geneva,
  to highlightthe role of science in the formation
  of an Information Society,shortly before the
  Summit
• Action Item for ICFA
• Prepare and Present a Statement to the World
  Summit
• For WSIS Schedules and Documents
  http//www.state.gov/e/eb/cip/wsis

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WSIS-RO Role of New Technologies in Developing
the Information Society

• A Session at the Meeting in Bucharest, November
  9, 2002
• Harvey Newman, Caltech
• Tony Hey, UK Core E-Science Program
• Peter Zangli, European Commission
• Hans Hoffmann, CERN Scientific and TT Director
• Fabrizio Gagliardi EDG Project Leader
• William Johnston, Lawrence Berkeley Lab
• HN for Dave Reese Tom West, CENIC, and Natl
  Light Rail
• Don Riley, CIO of Univ. of Maryland, CEO of
  IEEAF
• See http//cil.cern.ch8080/WSIS for documents
  and presentations

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Global Medical Research Exchange
Initiative Bio-Medicine and Health
Sciences
Global Quilt Initiative GMRE Initiative - 001
Propose Global Research and Education Exchange
for Physics
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ICFA and International Networking

• ICFA Statement on Communications in Intl
  HEPCollaborations of October 17, 1996
  See http//www.fnal.gov/directorate/icfa/icfa_comm
  unicaes.html
• ICFA urges that all countries and institutions
  wishing to participate even more effectively and
  fully in international HEP Collaborations should
• Review their operating methods to ensure they
  are fully adapted to remote participation
• Strive to provide the necessary communications
  facilities and adequate international bandwidth
• ICFA Needs to Work with Experiments,
  Governments, and Agencies, to Help Make this So

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SCIC Work in 2003

• Continue Digital Divide Focus
• Improve and Systematize Information in Europe
  in Cooperation with TERENA and SERENATE
• More in-depth information on Asia, with APAN
• More in-depth information on South America, with
  AMPATH
• Begin Work on Africa, with ICTP
• Set Up HENP Networks Web Site (Get Support, or
  Funding)
• Continue and if Possible Strengthen Monitoring
  Work (IEPM)
• Continue Work on Specific Improvements
• Brazil and South America, with RNP
• Russia
• Pakistan (?) India (?) China (?)
• Romania
• The World Summit on the Information Society
• Watch Requirements the Lambda Grid
  Analysis revolutions
• Discuss, Begin to Create a New Culture of
  Collaboration

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Some Extra Slides Follow
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ICFA and Global Networks for HENP

• National and International Networks, with
  sufficient (rapidly increasing) capacity and
  capability, are essential for
• The daily conduct of collaborative work in both
  experiment and theory
• Detector development construction on a global
  scale Data analysis involving physicists from
  all world regions
• The formation of worldwide collaborations
• The conception, design and implementation of
  next generation facilities as global networks
• Collaborations on this scale would never have
  been attempted, if they could not rely on
  excellent networks

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ICFA Standing Committee on Interregional
Connectivity (SCIC)

• Created by ICFA in July 1998 in Vancouver
  Following ICFA-NTF
• CHARGE
• Make recommendations to ICFA concerning the
  connectivity between the Americas, Asia and
  Europe (and network requirements of HENP)
• As part of the process of developing
  theserecommendations, the committee should
• Monitor traffic
• Keep track of technology developments
• Periodically review forecasts of future
  bandwidth needs, and
• Provide early warning of potential problems
• Create subcommittees when necessary to meet the
  charge
• The chair of the committee should report to ICFA
  once peryear, at its joint meeting with
  laboratory directors (Today)
• Representatives Major labs, ECFA, ACFA, NA
  Users, S. America

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ICFA SCIC RE Backbone and International Link
Progress

• GEANT Pan-European Backbone (http//www.dante.net/
  geant)
• Now interconnects gt31 countries many trunks 2.5
  and 10 Gbps
• UK SuperJANET Core at 10 Gbps
• 2.5 Gbps NY-London, with 622 Mbps to ESnet and
  Abilene
• France (IN2P3) 2.5 Gbps RENATER3 backbone from
  October 2002
• Lyon-CERN Link Upgraded to 1 Gbps Ethernet
• Proposal for dark fiber to CERN by end 2003
• SuperSINET (Japan) 10 Gbps IP and 10 Gbps
  Wavelength Core
• Tokyo to NY Links 2 X 2.5 Gbps started Peer
  with ESNet by Feb.
• CAnet4 (Canada) Interconnect customer-owned
  dark fiber nets across Canada at 10 Gbps,
  started July 2002
• Lambda-Grids by 2004-5
• GWIN (Germany) 2.5-10 Gbps Core Connect to US
  at 2 X 2.5 GbpsSupport for SILK Project
  Satellite links to FSU Republics
• Russia 155 Mbps Links to Moscow (Typ. 30-45 Mbps
  for Science)
• Moscow-Starlight Link to 155 Mbps (US NSF
  Russia Support)
• Moscow-GEANT -Stockholm Links 155 Mbps Plan for
  622 Mbps

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RE Backbone and Intl Link Progress

• Abilene (Internet2) Upgrade from 2.5 to 10 Gbps
  started in 2002
• Encourage high throughput use for targeted
  applications FAST
• ESNET Upgrade to 10 Gbps As Soon as Possible
• US-CERN
• to 622 Mbps in August Move to STARLIGHT
• 2.5G Research Triangle from 8/02
  STARLIGHT-CERN-NL to 10G in 2003. 10Gbps
  SNV-Starlight Link Loan from Level(3)
• SLAC IN2P3 (BaBar)
• Typically 400 Mbps throughput on US-CERN,
  Renater links
• 600 Mbps Throughput is BaBar Target for Early
  2003 (with ESnet and Upgrade)
• FNAL ESnet Link Upgraded to 622 Mbps
• Plans for dark fiber to STARLIGHT, proceeding
• IEEAF Donations NY-AMS Done Sept. 2002
  US-JP-KR-CN-SG By June 2003 Gbps. 622 Mps 10G
  Research Wavelength
• US National Light Rail Proceeding Startup
  Expected this Year

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APAN Links in January 2003



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RNP Brazil
FIU Miami from So. America
Note Auger (AG), ALMA (Chile), CMS-Tier1 (Brazil)
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Infrastructure to Latin America

• Miami is the hub to 9 Major submarine fiber cable
  routes
• Americas 12
• Global Crossing
• Columbus II III
• Telefonica Emergia/SAM 1
• Arcos 1
• Maya 1
• 360 Americas
• Miami is ranked 8th in the top 50 Inter-Regional
  Internet hub cities

Source Packet Geography, 2002
Julio Ibarra
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Undersea Optical Infrastructure
The total aggregate bandwidth capacity Latin
America and Caribbean region is estimated at
4,236 GB
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NRNs Bandwidth in Latin America
Source CAESAR - Review of Develop-ments in Latin
America
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It is generally accepted that once a technology
is perceived as having broad utilitarian value,
price as a of per capita income, is the main
driver of penetration
C. Casasus, CUDI (Mexico) CANARIE
50
Penetration of telecommunications in low income
countries is further inhibited by at least 3
factors

• Low income per capita
• Less competition. Higher prices from monopolies
• Fewer applications. No broad utilitarian value

C. Casasus, CUDI (Mexico) CANARIE
51
Income vs. penetration given the price of a
technology
Per capita Income
High
Low income countries
Penetration
Low
Low
High
C. Casasus, CUDI (Mexico) CANARIE
52
Telecom monopolies have even higher prices in low
income countries

• Fewer entrants. Less competition
• No unbundling
• Price cap regulation creates cross subsidies
  between costumer groups.
• Large customers (inelastic) subsidize small
  costumers (elastic). High bandwidth services are
  very expensive
• Inefficient ROW regulation
• Inefficient spectrum policies

C. Casasus, CUDI (Mexico) CANARIE
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Dai Davies SERENATE Workshop Feb. 5, 2003
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Relative Cost of Connectivity Compared with
Number of Suppliers
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Multipliers for Differing Circuit Speeds
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Jensen, ICTP
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Limited by many externalsystemic
factorsElectricityImport DutiesEducation
Trade restrictions
Jensen, ICTP
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FAST (Caltech) A Scalable, Fair Protocol for
Next-Generation Networks from 0.1 To 100 Gbps
SC2002 11/02
Highlights of FAST TCP

• Standard Packet Size
• 940 Mbps single flow/GE card
• 9.4 petabit-m/sec
• 1.9 times LSR
• 9.4 Gbps with 10 flows
• 37.0 petabit-m/sec
• 6.9 times LSR
• 22 TB in 6 hours in 10 flows
• Implementation
• Sender-side (only) mods
• Delay (RTT) based
• Stabilized Vegas

Sunnyvale-Geneva
Baltimore-Geneva
Baltimore-Sunnyvale
SC2002 10 flows
SC2002 2 flows
I2 LSR
29.3.00 multiple
SC2002 1 flow
9.4.02 1 flow
22.8.02 IPv6
URL netlab.caltech.edu/FAST
Next 10GbE 1 GB/sec disk to disk
C. Jin, D. Wei, S. Low FAST Team Partners
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Aggregate throughput
88
90

• FAST
• Standard MTU
• Utilization averaged over gt 1hr

90
Average utilization
92
95
1 GbE flow 2 flows 7 flows
9 flows 10 flows (8.8Gbps)