Lesson objective - to discuss

1

• Lesson objective - to discuss
• Payloads
• including
• Sensors
• Weapons
• Example problem

Expectations - You will understand how to
estimate sensor size and performance and
understand their impact on overall system
performance
11-1
2
Importance

• UAV systems have little practical value without
  payloads
• - Including UCAVs
• A good understanding of payload design issues and
  requirements are among the most important issues
  addressed during UAV pre-concept design

11-2
3
UAV Payloads
http//www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.ht
madar
Primary Types Electro-Optical Radar Communicatio
ns
DarkStar
Modular Payloads Preferred
Predator
http//www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/tesar.htm
11-3
4
Integrated payloads
11-4
5
UCAV payloads
Air-to-Ground
Powered
Glide
JSOW
UCAV payloads are not covered as a separate
subject. See RayAD Chapter 9.5 for overall
weapons integration issues and www.fas.org/man/dod
-101/sys/dumb/ for data
Small
Large
Very Small
LOCASS
http//www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart
11-5
6
UCAV contd
Air-to-Air
Possible but not currently planned
11-6
7
Pre-concept design issues

• Sensor type(s)
• Wide area
• Spot
• Targeting
• Weather effects

• Weapon type(s)
• Unguided
• Platform guided
• Off board guided
• Self guided

Overall sizes
Aperture requirements
Estimated cost
Note There is no sensor cost data available
except for proprietary data from manufacturers
Power and cooling requirements
11-7
8
Sensor resolution
Typically expressed in terms of National
Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) or Ground
Resolved Distance (GRD)
NIIRS GRD (m) Nominal capability (EO) 1 gt
9.0 Detect medium sized port 2 4.5 -
9.0 Detect large buildings 3 2.5 - 4.5 Detect
trains on tracks 4 1.2 - 2.5 Identify
railroad tracks 5 0.75 - 1.2 Identify theater
ballistic missile 6 0.40 - 0.75 Identify
spare tire on truck 7 0.20 - 0.40 Identify
individual rail ties 8 0.10 - 0.20 Identify
windshield wiper 9 lt 0.1 Identify
individual rail spikes
For more information see http//www.fas.org/irp/im
int/niirs.htm
11-8
9
Resolution contd
11-9
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Sensor notation - overall
11-10
11
E0/IR sensors

• These cover a range of sensor types from simple
  TV cameras to sophisticated thermal imaging
  systems with large focal lengths and zoom range
• All are line of sight systems and typically do
  not work well in weather
• Despite their weather limitations, EO/IR systems
  are often preferred because of their high
  resolution and ease of interpretation
• - Even thermal imagery is easy to interpret by
  untrained users
• EO/IR sensors are often mounted in gimbaled
  turrets or balls which protrude into the slip
  stream
• Some have integrated lasers for range measurement
  and/or target designation

11-11
12
Global Hawk Program Update, Kennon Cooksey,
Deputy Director, 2/28/2001
11-12
13
Global Hawk Program Update, Kennon Cooksey,
Deputy Director, 2/28/2001
11-13
14
EO/IR notation - nonscanning
Line of flight field of view (LFOV)
Field of regard
Single frame - far
Single frame - near
L-swath
W-swath
Min slant range (Rn)
Max slant range (Rf)
?
?
h
?
Slant range - far function(resolution)
Slant range - near mechanical limit
Cross flight field of view (XFOV)
11-14
15
EO/IR notation - scanning
Line of flight field of view (LFOV)
Field of regard
Single frame - far
Single frame - near
Lswath
Single scan -far
Single scan -near
Min slant range (Rn)
Wswath
Max slant range (Rf)
?min
?
?
Max slant range (Rf) function (resolution)
h
R
Min slant range (Rn) function(scan time)
Cross flight field of view (XFOV)
11-13
16
Basic equations - EO/IR
Hfp 2?EFL?TanFOV/2 Pp?Np Inflight
resolution(IFR) KD/d (cycles/mm) 1/d where
KD (EO) 0.8 KD (IR) 0.9 d/EFL GRD/R or
R GRD?EFL?IFR ?min ArcSin(h/Rf) Nonscanning
EO/IR ? ? FOV Scanning EO/IR ? ? SRt
(? gt ?min ) where t Kol?Lswath/V (Kol lt 1 for
overlap) Rn h/Sin(?) Wswath
2?R?TanFOV/2 SS coverage
Wswath?Lswath where SS single
scan Coverage rate Wswath?V
d 2?Pixel pitch (Pp)
Equiv focal length (EFL)
Hfp
Max range (Rf)
h(alt)
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS Scan rate (SR) in
frames/sec Pixel pitch (Pp) in mm Typical EO
5-10 ? Typical IR 25 ? Np Number of pixels
per side Stabilization (mrad) OPERATIONAL
DRIVERS Resolution required (GRD or NIIRS) Target
coverage rate (sqkm/hr)
FOV
GRD GRD?Sin(?)
?
GRD
Courtesy of Mike I Indiana Jones, LM Aero
11-16
17
EO/IR example
From Janes UAVs and Targets (USAPayload) h
65Kft 19.811 Km V 343 kts 176.45 mps FOV
(spot) 5.1 x 5.2 mrad (0.292 x 0.298 deg) EFL
1.75 m GRD _at_ 28Km NIIRS 6.5 (EO) 0.44
m Pixel pitch 9?, Pixel array 1024 x
1024 Frame rate 30 fps Hfp 1024?0.000009m
9.22 mm IFR 28000/1.75?0.44?0.707 51.43
cy/mm Theoretical IFR 1/2?0.009 55.55 KD
51.43 /55.55 0.93 ?min ArcSin(h/Rf) 45
deg Lswath 2?28?sin(2.6mrad) 0.146 Km t
146m/176.45mps 0.827sec Scans 0.827s?30fps
24.82 frames Assume Kol 0.9 ? 45
24.82?0.292?0.9 51.52 deg Rn 19.811
km/Sin(51.52) 25.36 Km Wswath 19.811-
25.36Cos(51.52) 4.0 Km
Reasons for difference not clear
11-17
18
Typical EO/IR sensor
Dual Sensor (IR / daylight) -
3rd gen InSb (3-5 ?m) gt
Three (3) FOV Optics gt 256 x
256 Staring FPA - Daylight
color camera with 10X zoom
lens 4-Axis Active Gyro-
Stabilization 6-Axis Passive
Vibration Isolation
Power 210 W

Turret
- Diameter 12 in (30.5 cm)

- Height 14.6 in (37 cm)
- Weight 47
lbs
Electronics Unit
- None

Air Vehicle Mounting Unit
- Platform
Specific
Interface
- Discrete / Analog

(Pioneer UAV) or RS-422
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-18
19
E0/IR example

DESCRIPTION Dual Sensor (3-5
micron FLIR Color TV) IR
camera 640 x 480 InSb Focal Plane Array
3 FOV optics
Color TV single chip CCD
Zoom lens matched to FLIR
Digital video 4-Axis Gimbal
based on Wescam stabilization technology
Power 28 volts, 4 amps avg, 10 amps
peak, 300 watts (peak) Turret
Diameter 11 inches
Height 15.5 inches w/mods
Weight 46 pounds
Mission Interface Unit required
Interface IEEE 1394 or RS-422
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-19
20
E0/IR example
DESCRIPTION 3-Axis
Stabilization IR detector
assembly is a 3-5µm Indium Antinomide
EO/IR/LRF/LI/Spotter Scope payloads available
Turret Dimensions 15.1x
17.55 Weight 92lbs
Power MIL-STD-704D 28VDC, 360W max.
Interfaces - NTSC/PAL
(Video)/RS 170 - 9600 Baud/RS
232/422 - Optional/1553B
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-20
21
E0/IR example
DESCRIPTION IR detector assembly
is a 3-5µm Indium Antinomide
EO/IR payloads standard Turret
Dimensions 9x 13.5 Turret
Weight 26 lbs (total system weight less than 40
lbs) 2-Axis, 3 Fiber-Optic gyro
Stabilization Power 28VDC
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-21
22
E0/IR example

DESCRIPTION 2-Axis, 3
Fiber-Optic gyro Stabilization
IR detector assembly is a 3-5µm Indium Antinomide
EO/IR payloads standard
1.8X Optical IR extender, Low-light
monochrome TV or Laser
Rangefinder optional Turret
Dimensions 9x 15.2 Turret
Weight 26 lbs (total system weight less than 42
lbs) Power 28VDC
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-22
23
E0/IR example

DESCRIPTION 2-Axis, 3
Fiber-Optic gyro Stabilization IR
detector assembly is a 3-5µm Indium Antinomide
EO/IR payloads standard
Turret Dimensions 9x 13.5
Turret Weight 26 lbs (total system weight less
than 40 lbs) Power 28VDC, 450
Watts
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-23
24
IR/Laser example
Combined IR sensor plus laser
(LRD) - 2ND gen
FLIR sensor w/ LAP, 3 FOVs,
2X 4X electronic zoom , and
digital video interface -
Laser Rangefinder Designator (LRD)
- Dual-mode automatic video tracker
- Integrated line-of-sight targeting
modes (including HELLFIRE)
- Imbedded maintenance
alignment features
Airborne System - Weight lt
165 lbs - Power
- 28 VDCNominal 200W
- 115 VAC 3 Phase Nominal 0.9
KVA
Turret - Diameter 16.7 in
(15in at base)
- Height 18.6 in
-
Weight 114 lbs
Electronics Unit -
Height 9.25 in\
- Width 13.5 in

- Length 14.75 in (incl handles)
-
Weight 48 lbs
Interface(s)

- MIL-STD-1553 data buses
- Discrete /
Analog I/O
- RS-170 analog video output

- Digital video output
-
Symbology output
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-24
25
E0/IR/Laser example
Combined 3 Sensors EO/IR/DPAD
4-Axis Stabilization (Option for IMU)
In-flight Boresight Mechanism
A Zoom Optics CCD Day TV
Electronic Image Stabilization
Dual Mode automatic Video Tracker
IR detector is a 3-5µm InSb FPA (256 x 256
pixels) MOSP Payload Family
includes - H-MOSP - For
Helicopters - SEA-MOSP For
Shipboard Operation
Dimensions Turret Payload Control Logic (PCL)
FLIR Electronic Box (FEB) 15.0dia x 19.6H 9.6H
x 10.7W x 4.7L 10.4H x 10.9W x 10.6L 70.5
lbs 12.1 lbs 23.3 lbs Average Power 28 VDC
With DPAD Average
450W, Max 500W w/o
DPAD Average 310W, Max 420W
Interfaces - Video/RS 170
- Serial Comm/RS 422
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-25
26
E0/IR/Laser example

DESCRIPTION Combined IR/EO/Laser
Designator/Eyesafe Laser Range Finder
4-Axis Stabilization, lt20 µrad RMS
3-5µm Indium Antimonide IR detector, with
CO2 Notch Filter High-resolution
CCD TV, matched FOVs to IR
Integrated Boresight Module
Turret Dimensions 16.1 D X 19.3 H
Weight 113lbs Power
MIL-STD-704D, 800W max. _at_ 28VDC
Qualifications MIL-STD-810E and 461D
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-26
27
E0/IR/Laser example
DESCRIPTION RISTA is derived
from the Armys Airborne Standoff Minefield
Detection System (ASTAMIDS) program
There are two modes of operation
spotlight and line scanning w/
either mode selectable during flight from the
image processing facility (IPF).
Utilizes a 2nd generation IR
Volume lt4900in3 for airborne LRUs
Weight lt145lbs for airborne LRUs
lt84lbs for ground processor.
Power 700W avg., 1000W pk.
Cooling External Ambient Air
Interfaces - Video/Rs 170
- RS 232/485
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-27
28
E0/IR/Laser example

DESCRIPTION 3-Axis
Stabilization IR detector
assembly is 8-12µm 4X4 MCT w/TDI
EO/IR/LRF/LI payloads available
Turret Dimensions 15.1x 17.55
Weight 88lbs (w/CCD or LRF)
Power MIL-STD-704D 28VDC, 360W max
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-28
29
E0/IR/Laser example
DESCRIPTION Combined
EO/IR/LD/LRF (with eye safe modes)/Tracker
Options LST and Low light CCD
20.5 in. Diameter Turret / 24 in. height
Target Weight -
RFI 206 AH-1Z 277 Power
1.6 kW Interfaces
- RS 422 - IEEE 1394
Internal Volume 1 ft3
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-29
30
Global Hawk EO/IR
11-30
31
E0/IR sizing
Small UAVs 50 ppcf
14 ppcf
11-31
32
RF sensors

• These cover a range of sensor types from simple
  airborne weather radar to sophisticated
  multi-mode electronically scanned radar systems
• The two most widely used are synthetic aperture
  radar (SAR) and moving target indicators (MTI)
  and combinations thereof (SAR/MTI)
• RF sensors are generally considered all weather
  systems but their performance can be
  significantly degraded by rain or moisture
• One disadvantage of RF sensors is the
  interpretability of their imagery
• - A SAR image may look like a picture but it
  isnt
• - Shadowing, scattering and multipath are
  problems
• Most RF antennae scan mechanically, more modern
  (and expensive) ones scan electronically

11-32
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Global Hawk Program Update, Kennon Cooksey,
Deputy Director, 2/28/2001
11-33
34
Sensor notation - SAR
Spot mode - long dwell time
Squint angle lt 60 deg
Field of regard
L-swath
Wide area search mode - near real time
W-swath
Min range
Max range
?
?
h
Slant range - min
Slant range - max
?
11-34
35
Wide area coverage
Search pattern coverage K?Area
Swath?Speed?Time Swath?LED?RFcr/RFlo Typical
factor (K) 1.3?
Straight line coverage Area Swath?Speed?Time Se
arch distance Area/Swath
11-35
36
Spot area coverage
GH example -1900 spots per day Average dwell
time 243600/1900 45.5 sec/spot Spot
area coverage 19004 7600 sqkm/day vs.
138,000 sqkm/day search
(4/98)
Graphic from page 54 (grid added)
11-36
37
Predator SAR
http//www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/tesar.htm
11-37
38
Predator contd
http//www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/tesar.htm
11-38
39
Predator radar
DESCRIPTION Operates in SAR and
MTI modes Coordinates of each
map center are provided within 25 meters CEP
Provides for operation in a strip, and
spot map modes MTBF gt900hrs
Performance/Specifications
Hardware RF
Frequency Ku-Band
Weight 74.9kg/165lbs
Power 1050W Volume 0.12
m3/4.15ft3 Cooling Ambient
Air MTBF gt900hrs
Ground Speed 50-90 kts
Altitude 7620m/25,000ft
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-39
40
Other SAR
Antenna Assembly
- 19 in. diameter
radome
- Reflector antenna
- Three-axis
gimbal
- Motion measurement
hardware (IMU
GPS)
- 320 W TWT
- LNA
Radar
Electronics Assembly
- Height 10.75 in

- Width 14.88 in
- Length 21.5
in
- VME chassis - slots available

Interface(s)
- NTSC video link/RS 170

- Digital data link for full

resolution/RS485
- GA-ASI ground control

station link
Data Transfer
Rates
- Spotlight Mode/3.2 mbsec

- Strip mode/ 10m
A Lightweight, High Performance SAR, Designed
and Built for UAV Platforms -
Two stripmap or search modes -
Spotlight Mode - Ground moving
target indicator (GMTI)
- Coherent change detection (CCD)
- Ku band operation
- 0.3 m resolution in stripmap mode
- 0.1 m resolution in spotlight mode
- 30 km range in weather (0.3 res)
- Weight lt 115 lbs
- Power lt 1200 W total
Digital imagery output available in
NITF format and NATO standard
format Power
- 500 Watts

http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-40
41
More SAR
DESCRIPTION Uses heritage from all of Europes
space SAR projects (ERS-1, ERS-2, ASAR).
Provides a modular, flexible and expandable
payload system for all types of UAV w/ a
payload capacity of greater than 35kg. Capable
of multi-payload control. Can be adapted to use
at L, C, X, or Ku-Band operation
Parameter Value Units RADAR Frequency 9650
MHz Bandwidth 270 MHz TX.
Power 200 W Min PRF 275 Hz Max
PRF 6500 Hz Antenna Length 41 cm Antenna
Height 21 cm
Parameter Mass (kg) DC Powe r
(W) Controller 15 121 RF Equipment 6 52 Power
Conditioner 2 31 Transmit Amplifier 1 2 Receive
Antenna 0.1 2 Antenna 1 0 Antenna
Platform 10.1 31 Harness 1 0
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-41
42
Global Hawk SAR/MTI
11-42
43
TUAV SAR/MTI
DESCRIPTION Unit will provide
both SAR and MTI modes. SAR mode
provides both strip map and spot images at
resolutions from 0.1 to 1.0
meters at ranges from 3 to 12 km.
MTI mode will detect a 10m2 target at 14 km with
a PD of 0.75 False alarm rate
less than 2 per minute in 4mm/hr rain.
Weight 63 lbs Interfaces
-RS 422 Power
Surge - System Start up with fans and all
electronics powering up 616 W
Constant - All systems
operating except transmitter 380W
Peak - All systems operating and
transmitting 476W
NOTES Unit is being developed
for the US Army. SAR is designed
to be low cost with predicted recurring cost per
payload (for the 10th unit in a
lot of 10) is less than 500
K?
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-43
44
Multimode radar example
DESCRIPTION SeaVue Has Nine
Operating Modes Standby, Test,
Search1, Search2, Weather, ISAR, SAR, DBS, MTI
Hardware -
Rcv_Exc_Sync_Processor -
Transmitter (X-Band) - Antenna
System Weight 200-lbs.
Platforms - Helicopters
- Large Small MPA
- Ships - Land Based
Maritime Surveillance Tracking ASuW, OTH-T,
ASST Search and Rescue Ship and Overland
Imaging Activity Detection
http//uav.navair.navy.mil/database/matrix.htm
11-44
45
RF sensor sizing
40 ppcf
43 ppcf
11-45
46
Sensor bandwidth
SAR image at expanded scale showing pixel detail
and gray scale level
Example - Global hawk SAR imaging data
Sensor bandwidth requirements trace directly to
sensor coverage requirements per unit time
11-46
47
Bandwidth calculation

• Global Hawk SAR example - 138,000 sqkm/day area
  search area at 1m resolution (from Lesson 9)
• 138,000 km2/day _at_ 1m resolution
• (138000 sqkm)(106 sqm/sqkm)/(243600 sec/day)
• 1,597,222 resolution cells per second
• - At an 8 level gray scale, 1 resolution cell
  requires 8 bits of data or 12.8 Mbps
• - With 41 compression, data rate reduces to 3.2
  Mbps
• Spot image example - 1900, 0.3 m resolution 2 Km
  x 2 Km SAP spot images per day, an equivalent
  data rate of 2.0 Mbps
• Ground moving target indicator (GMTI) example -
  search rate of 15,000 sq. Km/min at 10 m
  resolution, an implied bandwidth of about 5Mbps

11-47
48
Expectations

• You should now understand
• Basic sensor types
• System design and operational considerations
• Basic sizing considerations
• Sensor bandwidth requirements
• How to make an initial estimate of size, weight
  and power
• Where to go for more information

11-48
49
Example problem

• Five medium UAVs, four provide wide area search,
  a fifth provides positive target identification
• WAS range required (95km) not a challenge
• Only one UAV responds to target ID requests
• No need to switch roles, simplifies ConOps
• No need for frequent climbs and descents
• Communications distances reasonable (158nm
  212 nm)
• Speed requirement 280 kts
• Air vehicle operating altitude
• differences reasonable
• What sensors are
• required?
• How big are they and
• how much power is
• required?

11-49
50
Project sensors

• SAR (Ground moving target indication GMTI,
  
  
  Wide area search WAS, Spot mode Spot)
• Long range (Spot-WAS-GMTI)
• 0.3-1.0-10m resolution _at_ 20-200 Km, 6400W, 640
  lbm
• Medium range (Spot-WAS -GMTI)
• 0.2-1m -10m resolution _at_ 5-50 Km, 1160W, 168 lbm
• Short range (Spot-WAS -GMTI)
• 0.1-1m -10m resolution _at_ 3-12 Km, 476W, 63 lbm
• EO/IR
• Global Hawk Scanning Type (Spot-WAS)
• 0.5-0.75m resolution _at_ 28 Km, 582W, 220 lbm
• Turret Type I _at_ 12D (Spot-WAS)
• 0.15m-3.2m resolution _at_ 3-8 Km, 300W, 50 lbm
• Turret Type II _at_ 15D (Spot-WAS)
• 0.3-0.64m resolution _at_ 8 Km, 700W, 100 lbm
• See ASE261.ProjectSensors.xls

11-50
51
Search considerations - review

• If a UAV loiters over a fixed point in the middle
  of a square surveillance area, it can meet the
  80 coverage, 2 minute moving target detection
  wide area surveillance (WAS) requirements if
• 1. It makes a turn every 2 minutes (assuming a
  nominal

• 45 degree SAR field of regard)
• And the image processing plus transmit time is
  held to 30 seconds or less
• 2. The SAR range is slightly larger than ½ the
  width of the surveillance area
• Area of circle?square ?/4 0.785
• 3. It has a 100 detection rate

Target
Target
Min range effects ignored
11-51
52
Min range coverage effect
Nominal ?min 5? Nominal ?max 60? Nominal FOR
?45? Therefore, nominal GMTI Area
(?/4)?Rmax2-Rmin2 (?/4)?(Rmax2)?1-Tan(?
)/Tan(?)2 ? 0.997?(?/4)?(Rmax2)
Bottom line dont worry about the min range
GMTI hole under the platform
Rmin Rmax?Tan(?)/Tan(?)
Rmax
?
?
hmin Rmax?Tan(?)
?
11-52
53
SAR sizing considerations

• A number of factors affect SAR range (minimum and
  maximum) and resolution
• Power (how much RF energy is reflected from the
  target)
• Even though transmitted power required vs. radar
  range is typically expressed as a 4th power
  relationship, our parametric data (based on total
  input power required) shows a nominal linear
  relationship
• Geometry (minimum and maximum depression angles)
• Absolute minimum angle defined by the radar
  horizon
• Typical minimum look down angle ? 5-10 degrees
• Typical maximum look down angle about 60
  degrees
• Dwell time (how long energy stays on the target)
• Function of platform speed and/or antennae
  pointing
• Signal processing time
• To keep things simple, we resize using only the
  range-power parametric and geometry (ignoring
  curvature)

11-53
54
SAR geometry
Note - earth curvature effects have been ignored

• This project SAR is operating near the limit of
  minimum acceptable grazing angle
• Max range grazing angle 5.7 vs. minimum 5
  degrees

11-54
55
SAR geometry (contd)
This plot also ignores earth curvature effects

• With additional power these SARs could increase
  WAS range to 52 - 87 Km
• After that increased altitude search altitude is
  required

11-55
56
Positive ID considerations

• We have a threshold requirement for positive
  (visual image) target identification (ID) 80 of
  the time
• To design our baseline for the threshold
  requirement
• We have to be able to operate at or below 10 Kft
  for 30 of the target identifications
• 50 of the time we can stay at altitude and 20
  of the time we wont see a target (unless we
  image at lt 5 Kft)
• This places 10Kft efficient cruise, loiter and
  climb and descent rate requirements on the air
  vehicle

11-56
57
Sensor payloads
We assume resolution and field of regard are
unchanged
11-57
58
Installation considerations

• All systems on an air vehicle have installation
  weight and volume penalties (to be covered in
  detail later)
• We will assume typical installation at 130 of
  dry uninstalled weight
• We will make this assumption for all installed
  items (mechanical systems, avionics, engines,
  etc.)
• Installed volume is estimated by allowing space
  around periphery, assume 10 on each dimension
• Installed volume 1.33 uninstalled volume
• For frequently removed items or those requiring
  air cooling, we will add 25
• Installed volume 1.95 uninstalled volume
• Our payloads and data links will be installed
  this way
• Installed weights and volumes as follows
• EO/IR 130 lbm _at_ 1.95 cuft
• SAR 455 lbm _at_ 15.6 cuft
• Communications (each) 67.5 lbm _at_ 4.5 cuft

Total 720 lbm _at_ 26.55 cuft
11-58
59
Requirement summary

• It is important to maintain an up to date list of
  requirements as they are defined or developed

• Defined requirements (from the customer)
• Continuous day/night/all weather surveillance of
  200nm x 200nm operations area 100 nm from base
• Detect 10 sqm moving targets (goal 100,
  threshold 80), transmit 10m resolution GMTI
  data in 2 min.
• Provide 0.5 m resolution visual image of spot
  targets (goal 100, threshold 80) in 15 min.
• Operate from base with 3000ft paved runway

1 ID PER HR
11-59
60
Derived requirements

• Derived requirements (from our assumptions or
  studies)
• System element
• Maintain continuous WAS/GMTI coverage at all
  times
• One target recognition assignment at a time
• Assume uniform area distribution of targets
• Communications LOS range to airborne relay 158
  nm
• LOS range from relay to surveillance UAV 212 nm
• Air vehicle element
• Day/night/all weather operations, 100
  availability
• Takeoff and land from 3000 ft paved runway
• Cruise/loiter altitudes 10 27.4Kft
• Loiter location 158 nm (min) 255 nm (max)
• Loiter pattern 2 minute turn
• Dash performance 141 nm _at_ 282 kts _at_?10 Kft
• Payload weight and volume 720 lbm _at_ 26.55 cuft
• Payload power required 4700 W

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Derived requirements

• Payload element
• Installed weight/volume/power ? 720lbm/26.55
  cuft/4700W
• SAR/GMTI
• Range/FOR /resolution/speed 95 km/?45?/10m/2mps
• Uninstalled weight/volume/power ?
  350lbm/8cuft/3000W
• EO/IR
• Type/range/resolution Turret/13.3 km/0.5m
• Uninstalled weight/volume/power ?
  100lbm/1cuft/700W
• Communications
• Range/type 212nm/air vehicle and payload C2I
• Uninstalled weight/volume/power ?
  52lbm/2.3cuft/500W
• Range/type 158nm/communication relay
• Uninstalled weight/volume/power ?
  52lbm/2.3cuft/500W

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Reading assignment

• Raymer, Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach
• Chapter 18 - Cost analysis
• Chapter 18.1 Introduction
• Chapter 18.2 Life cycle cost
• Chapter 18.3 Cost estimating methods
• Chapter 18.4 RDTE and production costs
• Chapter 18.5 Operations and maintenance costs
• Chapter 18.6 Cost measures of merit
• Total 15 pages
• Note - Raymer is a reference book. It is not
  necessary to memorize or derive any of the
  equations. Read the sections over for general
  understanding of the concepts.

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Homework

• Assess sensor requirements for your project and
  define a sensor suite that you think will work
• (1) Size a sensor suite that meets requirements
• - Uninstalled weight, volume and power
• (2) Calculate installed weights and volumes.
• - Use nominal installation factors
• (3) Calculate total weight volume power
  required
• (4) Document your derived requirements
• Submit your homework via Email to Egbert by COB
  next Thursday. Document all calculations

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Intermission
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