The%20Grand%20Convergence%20of%20Computing,%20Telecommunications,%20and%20Media:%20A%20Technologist

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The Grand Convergence of Computing,
Telecommunications, and Media A Technologists
Viewpoint8th INRIA-Industry MeetingComputer
Software for Telecommunications and Multimedia

• Prof. Randy H. Katz
• EECS Department
• University of California, Berkeley
• Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
• randy_at_cs.Berkeley.edu
• http//www.cs.Berkeley.edu/randy

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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Technology Trends Predications

• Fastest growing segments of telecomms (i)
  mobile telephony (ii) Internet/www
• Enabling mobile access to information
• Full digitization of the phone network, driven by
  digital mobile networks, with a shift towards
  universal IP-based core network
• Voice over IP is happening rapidly
• Data will be the network traffic majority, voice
  ( video) the minority
• Fastest growing applications will be web-based
  transactions, not voice not videoconferencing

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Mobile Telephone Internet Users
Millions
Mobile Telephone Users
Internet Users
Year
Source Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
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Cellular Phone GrowthAn International Phenomenom
of main lines that are mobile phones

• By Year 2000
• One in three telephones will be mobile
• Mobility becomes a lifestyle

Source Economist, 4 May 1996
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Hong Kong on the Move
Millions of Telephone Lines
Source Pyramid Research in The Economist, 31 Oct
98
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Shift Toward Digital Mobile Access Network
Millions ofSubscribers
Provides a ubiquitous infrastructure for
wireless data as well as voice
Digital
Analog
Year
Source Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.
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Shift to Broadband Access
Forecast American Households with Internet
Connections (millions)
Source Forrester Research in The Economist, 7
Nov 98
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Shift Towards Data-Centered Core Network

• The dramatic rise of the Internet and the World
  Wide Web gt50 of telecomm traffic in Bay Area is
  already data
• Conventional circuit-switched PSTN infrastructure
  brought to its knees
• IP Dialtone
• Single network for wireless access, Internet
  access, and voice access
• E.g., Sprint ION Integrated On-Demand Network,
  MCI/WorldComs On-Net, Qwest Communications, etc.

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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Internet Technology

• Strengths
• Intelligence at the end points No state in the
  network
• Highly decentralized control
• Enables operation over very heterogeneous
  collection of access technologies few
  assumptions about the network necessary
• Achieves robust communications through packet
  switching store-and-forward routing
• Depends on cooperative forwarding of packets

• Weaknesses
• No differentiated service
• No control mechanisms for managing bottleneck
  links
• Store-and-forward routing introduces variable
  delay in end-to-end performance
• Decentralized control makes introduction of new
  protocols/functions difficult since all end nodes
  must be upgraded
• Lack of truly trusted infrastructure leads to
  security problems

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PSTN Technology

• Strengths
• Requires no end-point intelligence supports
  heterogeneous end devices
• Provides excellent performance for voice
• End-to-end performance guarantees achieved
  through well-defined signaling layer to switching
  function
• True utility functionality through sophisticated
  and hierarchically arranged switches controlled
  by service providers

• Weaknesses
• Achieves performance by overallocating resources
• 3.4 KHz audio voice band signal converted to 64
  kbps digital representation
• Switching design determined by statistics of call
  traffic
• Difficult to add new services to the so-called
  Intelligent Network due to complex feature
  interaction
• Expensive approach to robustness

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ATM The Grand Convergence?

• Strengths
• Virtual circuits with call set-up to manage
  scarce resources and achieve QoS guarantees
• Fixed/small size cells to enable fast switching
• Sophisticated statistical multiplexing mechanisms
  to make possible variety of traffic models
• Integrated services

• Weaknesses
• Connection-orientation has some problems with
  latency and robust operation every cell must
  follow same path in order
• ATM unlikely to be a universal end-to-end
  technology, especially for data traffic in local
  area
• Quaranteed performance end-to-end in
  heterogeneous environments is lost

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Next Generation Internet

• Support for multipoint-to-multipoint multicast
  communications
• Support for mobility mobile route optimization
• Reservation-based resource allocation
• Performance promises
• Nice scaling properties
• Soft state in the network allows robust recovery
  to failure protocol works around link and switch
  failures

• Software-based codecs
• 64 kbps/PCM coding vs. 36 kbps ADPCM, 17 kbps
  GSM, 9 kbps LPC
• Adequate video at 28.8 to 128 kbps
• Real Time Protocol (RTP)
• Ends adapt audio/video streaming rates to what
  the network can support
• Easy integration of new services like proxies
• Solve performance problems by adding more
  bandwidth

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Internet Telephony
Analog Voice to Packet Data
Packet Data to Analog Voice
Internet
Local Call
Local Call
Gateway
Gateway
SF to Frankfurt via Internet Service 0.28 per
min via ATT Long Distance
1.25 per min
Less expensive infrastructure Circumvents
government-backed monopolies Existing long
distance tariffs far exceed costs WTO worldwide
deregulation
Why so Cheap?
Source G-Cubed
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Internet Telephony

• Quality Issues High Latencies/Dropped Packets
• Deployment of (virtual) private networks
• Faster/scalable hardware reduces gateway latency
• RSVP H.323 Reconstruction of lost packets
  Better voice coding at 8 kbps
• VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Forum
• Short term circuit-switched local infrastructure
  plus packet-switched wide-area infrastructure
• Wide-area b/w is a commodity, local access is not
• Many leading telecomms already doing this
• Longer term migration towards always on
  digital broadband data connections

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures

• FPLMTS/UMTS/IMT-2000
• Universal multimedia information access with
  mobility spanning residences, businesses,
  public-pedestrian, mobile/vehicular,
  national/global
• Converged common air interface wideband CDMA
• Beyond the Third Generation
• Convergence on a common core network
• GSM/BISDN/SS7-based vs. IP-based
• Action will be in architectures that support
  rapid service deployment
• Telecomm-based Intelligent Network (IN, TMN,
  TINA) vs. Internet-based Client-Server (HTML,
  JAVA, mobile code)

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One View of the Future

• UC Berkeley BARWAN Project Bay Area Research
  Wireless Access Network
• Diverse Air Interfaces with Seamless Mobility
• Software Agents for Heterogeneity Management
• Universal IP-based Core Network

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Important Trends Re-Visited

• Multimedia/Voice over IP networks
• Lower cost, more flexible packet-switching core
  network
• Simultaneous delay sensitive and delay
  insensitive flows (RSVP, Class-based Queuing,
  Link Scheduling)
• Intelligence shifts to the network edges
• User-implemented functionality
• Programmable intelligence inside the network
• Proxy servers intermixed with switching
  infrastructure
• TACC model Java code write once, run
  anywhere
• Rapid new service development
• Speech-enabled services for mobile users
• Implications for (cellular) network
  infrastructure of the 21st century?
• High BW data (384 Kb/s-2 Mb/s) Reliable Link
  Protocols

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Smart Appliances/Thin Clients
PDA
PCS
Qualcomm PDQ Phone
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• Top Gun MediaBoard
• Participates as a reliable multicast client via
  proxy in wireline network

• Top Gun Wingman
• Thin presentation layer in PDA with full
  rendering engine in wireline proxy

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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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The Future Internet-basedOpen Services
Architecture

• Today, the telecommunications sector is
  beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to
  a horizontally structured industry. It used
  to be that new capabilities were driven primarily
  by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be
  driven by the users. Theres a universe of
  people out there who have a much better idea than
  we do of what key applications are, so why not
  give those folks the opportunity to realize them.
  The smarts have to be buried in the
  middleware of the network, but that is going to
  change as more-capable user equipment is
  distributed throughout the network. When it does,
  the economics of this industry may also change.
• George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore
• From POTS to PANS Telecommunications in
  Transition

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The Network Infrastructure of the Future

• The Challenge
• Developing service intensive, network-based,
  real-time applications
• Securely embedding computational resources in the
  switching fabric
• Providing an open, extensible network
  environment heterogeneity
• Computing
• Encapsulating legacy servers partitioning
  thin client functionality
• Scalability 100,000s of simultaneous users in
  the SF Bay Area
• High BW IP backbones diverse access networks
• Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost
  characteristics
• Third generation cellular systems UMTS/IMT2000
• Next gen WLANs (Bluetooth) broadband access
  nets (DSL/cable)
• Diverse appliances beyond the handset or PC
• Communicator devices plus servers in the
  infrastructure

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Internet-Scale Systems

• Extremely large, complex, distributed,
  heterogeneous, with continuous and rapid
  introduction of new technologies
• Feasible architectures
• Decentralized, scalable algorithms
• Dynamically deployed agents where they are
  neededBig infrastructure, small clients
• Incremental processing/communications growth
• Careful violation of traditional layering
• Implementation approach based on incremental
  prototyping, deployment, evaluation,
  experimentation

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NINJA Capabilities

• Plug and play wide-area software components
• Automatic discovery, composition, and use
• Powerful operators
• Clusters, databases, and agents
• Viable component economics
• Subscription, pay per use
• Supports diverse devices, sensors, actuators
• Connects everything
• Ubiquitous support for access and mobility

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NINJA Active Infrastructure
Smart Spaces
Active Proxies Active network routers Soft
state Interchangeable
Bases Scalable, available servers Persistent
state Service discovery Public-key
infrastructure Databases
Home Base User state E-mail User tracking
Units Client Devices Sensors Actuators
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NINJA Active Infrastructure

• Computing resources inside the routing topology,
  not just at the leaves
• Paths chosen for location of operators as much as
  for shortest of hops
• Mobile code that specializes the services
  provided by servers
• Mobility, management of bottleneck links,
  integration services, service handoff

Server
Client
Proxy
Router
Compute Node
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ICEBERG Capabilities

• Cellular/IP Interworking
• IP network provisioning for scalability
• Soft QoS for delay-sensitive flows
• Multinetwork mobility and security support
• Telephony Service Architecture on NINJA
• Computing resources among switching
  infrastructure
• Computationally intensive services e.g.,
  voice-to-text
• Service and server discovery
• Security, authentication, and billing

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Cellular/IP Interworking

• GSM BTS interfaced to IP core network
• Mapping IP signaling to SS7 radio management
• Call admission and handoff
• Mobility management interworking
• Mobile IP home agent/foreign agent GSM HLR/VLR
• Handoff between Mobile IP and GSM networks
• Scalability, security of Mobile IP
• Generalized redirection agents
• User- or service-specified dynamic policy-based
  redirection
• 1-800 service, email to pagers, etc.
• Service mobility as a first class object

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Telephony Service Architecture

• Rapid service deployment
• Packet voice for computer-telephony integration
• Speech- and location-enabled applications
• Complete interoperation of speech, text,
  fax/image
• Mobility and generalized routing redirection
• New services for innovative apps
• Encapsulating complex data transformation, e.g.,
  speech-to-text, text-to-speech
• Composition of services, e.g., Voice
  mail-to-email, email-to-voice mail
• Location-aware information services, e.g.,
  traffic reports
• Multicast-enabled information services

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Transparent Information Access
Speech-to-Text Speech-to-Voice Attached-Email Call
-to-Pager/Email Notification Email-to-Speech All
compositions of the above!
Policy-based Location-based Activity-based
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NINJA Operator/Connector/Path Model

• Operators
• transformation
• aggregation
• agents
• Connectors
• abstract wires
• ADUs
• varying semantics
• uni/multicast

• Interfaces
• strongly typed
• language independent
• set of AM handlers
• Leverage all COM objects

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Implementing Applications via Path Optimization

• Voice Control of A/V devices in a Smart Room
• Multistage processing transformation
• Strongly typed connectors
• Automated path generation
• Service discovery storage

A/V Devices
Path
Room Entity
Text to Command
ICSI Speech Recognizer
Audio
Text
Cmd
Microphone Cell phone
Response to Client
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Experimental Testbed
Fax
IBM WorkPad
Image/OCR
Text
Speech
MC-16
Ericsson
CF788
Motorola Pagewriter 2000
WLAN
Pager
306 Soda
405 Soda
326 Soda Colab
GSM BTS
Network Infrastructure
Millennium Cluster
Smart Spaces Personal Information Management
Millennium Cluster
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Presentation Outline

• Market Forces and Technology Trends
• Comparison of Internet and Telephony
• Third Generation Telecommunications Architectures
  (and Beyond)
• Internet-based Open Services Architecture
• Summary and Conclusions

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Summary and Conclusions

• Common network core optimized for data, based on
  IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting
  user/terminal/service mobility
• Major challenge open, composable services
  architecture--the wide-area operating system of
  the 21st Century
• Beyond the desktop PC information appliances
  supported by infrastructure services
• Our approach NINJA Platform
• Infrastructure Units, Active Proxies, Bases
• Services Operators, Typed Connectors, Paths
• IVR applications/speech recognition as a service
• Next application Universal In-Box