HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: Energy Science Director:

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St Matthews Church October 17th 2007 Energy
security and climate change the hard choices
facing us.
Recipient of James Watt Medal 5th October 2007
Keith Tovey (???) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
HSBC Director of Low Carbon
Innovation Energy Science Director School of
Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
CRed
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Climate ChangeArctic meltdown 1979 - 2003

• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region
• Nasa satellite imagery

• 20 reduction in 24 years

Source Nasa http//www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/n
ews/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Non-Renewable Methods
Nuclear New Build assumes one new station is
completed each year after 2018.
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
Area required to supply 5 of UK electricity
needs 300 sq km But energy needed to make PV
takes up to 8 years to pay back in UK.
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable

• Transport Fuels
• Biodiesel?
• Bioethanol?
• Compressed gas from
• methane from waste.

But Land Area required is very large - the area
of Norfolk and Suffolk would be needed to
generated just over 5 of UK electricity needs.
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
Output 78 000 GWh per annum Sufficient for 13500
house in Orkney Save 40000 tonnes of CO2
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Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 -
Renewable
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Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project
Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004
Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh
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Options for Renewable Energy Solar Thermal

• Performance of an actual solar collector 9th
  December 2006 13th October
• 2007
• Average gain (over 3 years) is 2.245 kWh per
  day
• Central Heating Boiler rarely needed for Hot
  Water from Easter to 1st
• October
• More Hot Water used the greater amount of
  solar energy is gained
• Optimum orientation for solar hot water
  collectors for most houses is NOT
• due South

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Options for Renewable Energy Solar Thermal

• Significant surplus of energy in summer
• Explore increasing temperature limit
• provided there is an
  anti-scald device fitted.
• Training needed to educate users to get
  optimum from solar collector in mid-
• season (setting of Central Heating Hot Water
  timers)
• Energy/Carbon benefits to be gained by
  providing solar hot water on a multi-
• house basis.

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Our Choices They are difficult Energy Security
There is a looming capacity shortfall Even with a
full deployment of renewables. A 10 reduction in
demand per house will see a rise of 7 in total
demand - Increased population decreased
household size

• Opted Out Coal Stations can only run for 20 000
  hours more and must close by 2015
• New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear
  station each year beyond 2018
• New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station
  each year beyond 2018

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Our Choices They are difficult

• Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e
  onshore/offshore wind and biomass.
  Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for
  next 20 years.
• If our answer is NO
• Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power
• Are we happy with this and the
  other attendant risks?

• If our answer is NO
• Do we want to return to using coal?
• then carbon dioxide emissions will rise
  significantly
• unless we can develop carbon sequestration and
  apply it to ALL our
• COAL fired power stations within 10
  years - unlikely.

If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to leave
things are they are and see continued
exploitation of gas for both heating and
electricity generation? gtgtgtgtgtgt
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Our Choices They are difficult

• If our answer is YES
• By 2020
• we will be dependent on around 70 of our
  heating and electricity from GAS
• imported from countries like Russia, Iran,
  Iraq, Libya, Algeria
• Are we happy with this prospect? gtgtgtgtgtgt

If not We need even more substantial cuts in
energy use. Or are we prepared to sacrifice our
future to effects of Global Warming by using
coal? - the North Norfolk Coal Field? Aylsham
Colliery, North Walsham Pit?
Do we wish to reconsider our stance on
renewables? Inaction or delays in decision making
will lead us down the GAS option route and all
the attendant Security issues that raises.
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On average each person in UK causes the emission
of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.
How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks
like?
5 hot air balloons per person per year. Around 4
million in the Diocese of Norwich. In the
developing world, the average is under 1 balloon
per person Is this Fair?
"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did
nothing because he thought he could do only a
little." Edmund Burke (1727 1797)
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Raising Awareness

• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a
  washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will
  cost over 100 a year just for this appliance
  alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume
  of 1 party balloon.

• A Mobile Phone charger up to 20 kWh per year
• 1000 balloons each year. 10 kg CO2

• Standby on electrical appliances
• 60 kWh a year - 4000 balloons.

• Filling up with petrol (38 for a full tank
  40 litres)
• --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5 of
  one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family
car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much
carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for
1 hour?
1.6 miles
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Saving Energy A Practical Guide Ways to Reduce
Your Carbon Footprint
Micro Wind
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Involve the local Community

• The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney)
  campaigned for a wind turbine.
• On average they are more than self-sufficient in
  electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter
  of electricity.
• Many of the Islanders bought shares in the
  project and are now reaping the reward.
• Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of
  carbon dioxide by 2015.
• Even better things are happening on the Island of
  Westray.

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It is all very well for South East, but what
about the North?
House on Westray, Orkney exploiting passive solar
energy from end of February
House in Lerwick, Shetland Isles with Solar
Panels - less than 15,000 people live north of
this in UK!
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Involve the local Community
Even better things are happening on the Island of
Westray.
The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated
by heat Pumps partly powered by Wind Turbines
Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed
into biodiesel for farm and other
vehicles. Ethanol used in process is obtained
from fermentation of harvested sea weed
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The Behavioural Dimension

• Household size has little impact on electricity
  consumption.
• Consumption varies by up to a factor of 9 for any
  given household size.
• Allowing for Income still shows a range of 6 or
  more.
• Education/Awareness is important

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Results of the Big Switch-Off
With a concerted effort savings of 25 or more
are possible
How can these be translated into long term
savings?
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Personal Attitudes to Energy Use can be
significant
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Social Awareness of Occupational Impact on
Climate Change
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Social Awareness of Occupational Impact on
Climate Change
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Hard Choices

• What can we as individuals do?
• What can you do collectively as a Church or
  Community?
• Visit the CRed WEB Site
• Sign a pledge to
• combat global warming
• help secure a sustainable environment for our
  children
• help reduce the adverse impacts of Global
  Warming
• help secure energy supplies for the future
• saving energy
• Adopting technical solutions
• Promoting Awareness
• Promoting appropriate renewable energy

www.cred-uk.org
St Pauls Church, Tuckswood
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Conclusions

• Global Warming will affect us all - in next few
  decades
• Energy Security will become increasingly
  important. Inaction over making difficult
  decisions now will make Energy Insecurity more
  likely in future.
• Move towards energy conservation and LOCAL
  generation of energy and small changes to
  behaviour.
• It is as much about the individuals response
  to use of energy as any technical measures the
  Government may take.
• Wind (and possibly biomass) are the only real
  alternatives for renewable generation in next 5
  10 years.
• Otherwise Nuclear???
• Even if we are not convinced about Global Warming
  Energy Security issues will shortly start to
  affect us.

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Conclusions

• Need to act now otherwise we might have to make
  choice of whether we drive 1.6 miles or heat an
  old persons room

Are you up to the Challenge? Will you make a
pledge?
"If you do not change direction, you may end up
where you are heading."
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist
philosopher
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Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington
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Wind Turbines are Incredibly Inefficient
Efficiency the ratio of the USEFUL work to
the total energy available (or expended) Oxford
English Dictionary
Modern Wind Turbines convert 40 42 of
available energy in the wind Modern Coal Fired
Power Stations achieve 38 Sizewell B achieves
32 A car engine achieve 20 - 25 at best
Compared to many other energy devices, Wind
Turbines are Very Efficient
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How can you tell if you have a condensing boiler
Have you got a hot water cylinder to supply hot
water? If there is no cylinder you will have a
combi boiler unless the water is heated by
electricity. You can have both condensing and non
condensing boilers (either combi or not) To work
out if you have a condensing boiler have a look
at the exhaust when the boiler is running. If
there are clouds of water vapour coming from it
then it is a condensing boiler. A condensing
boiler will be 85 92 efficient A normal boiler
will be only 65 75 efficient
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How can you tell if you have cavity walls?

• A solid wall

• A cavity wall
• With insulation