Artificial Intelligence

1
Artificial Intelligence

• Past, Present, Future
• Andrea McGrath
• April 21st, 2006

2
What is AI?

• The ability of a computer or other machine to
  perform those activities that are normally
  thought to require intelligence.

3
A brief history

• 1936 Alan Turing completes his paper "On
  computable numbers" which paves the way for
  artificial intelligence and modern computing
• 1942 Isaac Asimov sets out his three laws of
  robotics in the book I, Robot
• 1950 Alan Turing proposes the Turing test to
  decide whether a computer is exhibiting
  intelligent behaviour
• 1956 John McCarthy coins the phrase "artificial
  intelligence" at a conference at Dartmouth
  College, New Hampshire

4

• 1956 Stanislaw Ulam develops "Maniac I", the
  first chess program to beat a human player, at
  the Los Alamos National Laboratory
• 1965 Herbert Simon predicts that "by 1985
  machines will be capable of doing any work a man
  can do"
• 1966 Joseph Weizenbaum, a computer scientist at
  the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
  develops Eliza, the world's first chatbot
• 1969 Shakey, a robot built by the Stanford
  Research Institute in California, combines
  locomotion, perception and problem solving
• 1982 The Japanese Fifth Generation Computer
  project to develop massively parallel computers
  and a new artificial intelligence is born

5

• 1992 Doug Lenat forms Cycorp to continue work on
  Cyc, an expert system that's learning common
  sense
• 1997 The Deep Blue chess program beats the then
  world chess champion, Garry Kasparov
• 1997 Microsoft's Office Assistant, part of Office
  97, uses AI to offer customised help
• 1997 Microsoft's Office Assistant, part of Office
  97, uses AI to offer customised help
• 2001 The Global Hawk uncrewed aircraft uses an AI
  navigation system to guide it on a
  13,000-kilometre journey from California to
  Australia

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The Turing Test

• Created by Alan Turing in 1950
• A test designed to assess a machines
  intelligence
• No machine has consistently passed the test

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How does it work?

• A human interrogator is connected to both a human
  and a machine, neither of which can be seen.
• The interrogator asks questions to both the
  machine and human, trying to determine which is
  the machine.
• The machine and human subject both try to
  convince the interrogator that they are human
• If the interrogator incorrectly identifies the
  computer as human, the machine has passed the
  test and is considered intelligent

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How does it work?