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VALUE OF PLANT GERMPLASM FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT

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HOW DID WE GET OUR FOOD CROPS? IMMIGRANTS BROUGHT SEEDS WITH THEM ... AN AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE REPORTED THAT WILD GERMPLASM OF BARLEY HAD 4.5 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: VALUE OF PLANT GERMPLASM FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT


1
VALUE OF PLANT GERMPLASM FOR CROP
IMPROVEMENT
  • by
  • Loren E. Wiesner

2
IF OUR DIET ONLY CONSISTED OF PLANTS NATIVE TO
THE U.S.A. WE WOULD ONLY EAT
  • SUNFLOWER, CRANBERRIES,
  • BLUEBERRIES, STRAWBERRIES
  • TEPARY BEANS, PECANS,
  • JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES AND
  • A FEW OTHER MINOR CROPS

3
HOW DID WE GET OUR FOOD CROPS?
  • IMMIGRANTS BROUGHT SEEDS WITH THEM
  • U.S. GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION PROGRAMS OF THOMAS
    JEFFERSON AND OTHERS
  • ACQUISITION IS STILL BEING CONDUCTED BY THE
    NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM

4
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE EARLY COLLECTIONS?
  • THEY WERE EVALUATED BY UNIVERSITY AND GOVERNMENT
    SECIENTISTS AND SEED INDUSTRY
  • MOST WERE LOST BECAUSE THERE WAS NOT A SYSTEM TO
    PRESERVE THEM

5
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE EARLY COLLECTIONS? cont.
  • IN 1946 CONGRESS ALLOCATED FUNDS FOR 4 PLANT
    INTRODUCTION STATIONS
  • PULLMAN,WA AMES,IA GRIFFIN, GA GENEVA, NY
    AND LATER A POTATO INTRODUCTION STATION AT
    STURGEON BAY, WI

6
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE EARLY COLLECTIONS? cont.
  • IN 1958 THE NATIONAL SEED STORAGE LABORATORY WAS
    OPENED, NOW THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR GENETIC
    RESOURCE PRESERVATION (NCGRP)
  • YEARS LATER CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORIES WERE
    ESTABLISHED

7
NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM (NPGS)
  • THIS SYSTEM BEGAN WITH THE FUNDING OF THE PLANT
    INTRODUCTION STATIONS
  • THE NPGS IS A COOPERATIVE EFFORT OF FEDERAL,
    STATE AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY
  • THE NPGS IS ADMINISTERED BY USDA-AGRICULTURAL
    RESEARCH SERVICE

8
GENETIC DIVERSITY THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RANGE
OF GENES THAT MAKE UP THE GERMPLASM IN A GIVEN
POPULATION OF PLANTS
  • WILD PLANT GERMPLASM HAS THE BROADEST GENETIC
    BASE
  • WHEN PLANT BREEDERS SELECT FOR CERTAIN
    CHARACTERISTICS THEY NARROW THE GENE BASE OF THE
    NEW VARIETY

9
GENETIC DIVERSITY cont.
  • THEREFORE, EACH CROP VARIETY HAS A SMALLER NUMBER
    OF GENES OR HAS LESS DIVERSITY THAN THE WILD
    GERMPLASM IT WAS SELECTED FROM
  • THIS IS WHY WE NEED TO CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN THE
    WILD GERMPLASM AND NOT JUST THE NEW VARIETIES

10
GENETIC VUNERABILITY DESCRIBES THE GENETIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CERTAIN PLANT POPULATIONS OR
CROPS TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
  • ANOTHER WAY TO STATE IT IS GENETIC UNIFORMITY OR
    LACK OF FACTORS FOR RESISTANCE

11
GENETIC VULNERABILITY cont.
  • THE SOUTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT WAS AN EXAMPLE OF
    GENETIC VULNERABILITY DUE TO THE USE OF T
    CYTOPLASM FOR MALE STERILITY. THIS FACTOR
    ELIMINATED THE NEED FOR DETASSELING FEMALE PLANTS
    WHEN PRODUCING HYBRID SEED

12
GENETIC VULNERABILITY cont.
  • ANOTHER CASE OF GENETIC VULNERABILITY WAS IN 1970
    ABOUT 40 OF THE HARD RED WINTER WHEAT ACREAGE
    WAS PLANTED WITH ONLY 2 VARIETIES AND THEIR
    RELATED DERIVATIVES
  • SINCE 1975, 75 OF THE WHEAT VARIETIES HAVE BEEN
    DEVELOPED USING INTRODUCED PARENTS

13
WHEN SELECTING PARENTS FOR DEVELOPING NEW
VARIETIES, PLANT BREEDERS PREFER TO USE
  • ADAPTED VARIETIES AND BREEDING LINES
  • LANDRACES
  • CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OR GENERA
  • DISTANTLY RELATED SPECIES OR GENERA

PLANT BREEDERS USUALLY CAN NOT AFFORD THE TIME
AND RESOURCES NEEDED TO USE UNADAPTED GERMPLASM
14
WHEN TO USE UNADAPTED GERMPLASM
  • WHEN DESIRED GENES CAN NOT BE FOUND IN ADAPTED
    MATERIAL SUCH AS VARIETIES AND BREEDING LINES
  • WHEN WORKING WITH CROPS THAT LACK GENETIC
    DIVERSITY SUCH AS TOMATOES AND POTATOES OR
    SELF-POLLINATING CROPS THAT ARE UNIFORM

15
WHEN TO USE UNADAPTED GERMPLASM cont.
  • AN AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE REPORTED THAT
    WILD GERMPLASM OF BARLEY HAD 4.5 TIMES AS MUCH
    VARIATION COMPARED TO CULTIVATED BARLEY VARIETIES

16
USE OF MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES MAY REDUCE TIME
REQUIRED TO INTRODUCE GENES FROM UNADAPTED
GERMPLASM, BUT
  • FIRST THE DESIRED GENE MUST BE FOUND
  • THEN IT MUST BE INTRODUCED INTO THE DESIRED
    GERMPLASM OR VARIETY AND THE RESISTANT PLANT MUST
    BE OBTAINED

17
  • REGARDLESS OF BREEDING PROGRAM TECHNOLOGY BEING
    USED, THERE IS STILL A NEED TO CONTINUE SEARCHING
    FOR AND PRESERVING A DIVERSE COLLECTION OF
    GERMPLASM

18
NPGS PLANT EXCHANGE OFFICE
  • WORKS WITH PLANT COLLECTORS TO
  • OBTAIN NEW GERMPLASM
  • HELP SET UP AGREEMENTS
  • HELP GET THE SEED BACK TO THE U.S.
  • PROVIDE FUNDS FOR COLLECTION TRIPS
  • HELPS DISTRIBUTE GERMPLASM TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES

19
NPGS GERMPLASM RESOURCES INFORMATION NETWORK
(GRIN)
  • DESCRIPTIVE AND INVENTORY INFORMATION IS PLACED
    IN THIS DATABASE
  • GRIN IS AVAILABLE TO PLANT BREEDERS AND THE
    GENERAL PUBLIC AT WWW.ARS-GRIN.GOV
  • PLANT BREEDERS CAN USE THE GRIN SYSTEM TO SELECT
    GERMPLASM TO USE IN THEIR BREEDING PROGRAM

20
NPGS GRIN cont.
SELECTED GERMPLASM CAN BE ORDERED FROM THE GRIN
WEB-SITE AND WILL BE SENT TO RESEARCH SCIENTISTS
FREE
21
PLANT BREEDERS HAVE A UNIQUE RESPONSIBILITY
  • THEY MUST ANTICIPATE THE NEED FOR NEW VARIETIES
    AND BE READY TO MODIFY THEIR BREEDING PROGRAMS TO
    MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PRODUCER AND CONSUMER.
  • THIS MEANS THAT THEY NEED A CRYSTAL BALL TO
    DETERMINE WHAT DISEASES, INSECTS AND PRODUCTION
    PROBLEMS WILL BE DEVELOPING IN THE FUTURE.
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