Professor Nancy C' Shaw

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Databases Continued

• Professor Nancy C. Shaw

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Database Management Systems

• Database management systems (DBMS) software
  through which users and application programs
  interact with a database

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Database Management Systems

• Four components of a DBMS

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Data Definition Component

• Data definition component helps create and
  maintain the data dictionary and the structure of
  the database
• Data dictionary a file that stores definitions
  of information types, identifies the primary and
  foreign keys, and maintains the relationships
  among the tables

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Data Definition Component

• Defines the logical properties of the information
  that the database contains

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Data Manipulation Component

• Data manipulation component allows users to
  create, read, update, and delete information in a
  database
• Views Allows users to see, change, sort, and
  query the database content
• Report generators users can define report
  formats
• Query-by-example (QBE) users can graphically
  design the answers to specific questions
• Structured query language (SQL) query language

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Application Generation and Data Administration
Components

• Application generation component includes tools
  for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use
  applications
• Data administration component provides tools
  for managing the overall database environment by
  providing faculties for backup, recovery,
  security, and performance
• IT specialists primarily use these components

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Data-Driven Web Sites

• Data-driven Web sites an interactive Web site
  kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs
  of its customers through the use of a database

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Data-Driven Web Site Business Advantages

• Development
• Content Management
• Future Expandability
• Minimizing Human Error
• Cutting Production and Update Costs
• More Efficient
• Improved Stability

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Data-Driven Business Intelligence

• BI in a data-driven Web site

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Integrating Information Among Multiple Databases

• Building a central repository specifically for
  integrated information

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Integrating Information among Multiple Databases

• Integration allows separate systems to
  communicate directly with each other
• Forward integration takes information entered
  into a given system and sends it automatically to
  all downstream systems and processes
• Backward integration takes information entered
  into a given system and sends it automatically to
  all upstream systems and processes

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Integrating Information among Multiple Databases

• Forward integration

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Integrating Information among Multiple Databases

• Backward integration

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Data Warehouse Fundamentals

• Data warehouse a logical collection of
  information gathered from many different
  operational databases that supports business
  analysis activities and decision-making tasks
• The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to
  aggregate information throughout an organization
  into a single repository for decision-making
  purposes

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History of Data Warehousing

• Data warehouses extend the transformation of data
  into information
• In the 1990s executives became less concerned
  with the day-to-day business operations and more
  concerned with overall business functions
• The data warehouse provided the ability to
  support decision making without disrupting the
  day-to-day operations

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Data Warehouse Fundamentals

• Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) a
  process that extracts information from internal
  and external databases, transforms the
  information using a common set of enterprise
  definitions, and loads the information into a
  data warehouse
• Data mart contains a subset of data warehouse
  information

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Data Warehouse Fundamentals
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Multidimensional Analysis

• Databases contain information in a series of
  two-dimensional tables
• In a data warehouse and data mart, information is
  multidimensional, it contains layers of columns
  and rows
• Dimension a particular attribute of information

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Multidimensional Analysis

• Cube common term for the representation of
  multidimensional information

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Data Mining

• Data mining the process of analyzing data to
  extract information not offered by the raw data
  alone
• Data-mining tools use a variety of techniques
  to find patterns and relationships in large
  volumes of information and infer rules from them
  that predict future behavior and guide decision
  making
• Include query tools, reporting tools,
  multidimensional analysis tools, statistical
  tools, and intelligent agents

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Information Cleansing Or Scrubbing

• An organization must maintain high-quality data
  in the data warehouse
• Information cleansing and scrubbing a process
  that weeds out and fixes or discards
  inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete
  information

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Information Cleansing or Scrubbing

• Contact information in an operational system

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Information Cleansing or Scrubbing

• Standardizing Customer name from Operational
  Systems

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Information Cleansing or Scrubbing

• Information cleansing activities

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Information Cleansing or Scrubbing

• Accurate and complete information

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Protecting Data

• Organizations must protect themselves from system
  failures and crashes
• Three primary steps an organization can take to
  protect its systems
• Develop an appropriate backup and recovery
  strategy
• Create a disaster recovery plan
• Build adaptable business systems

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Backup And Recovery Strategy

• Backup an exact copy of a systems information
• Recovery the ability to get a system up and
  running in the event of a system crash or failure
  and includes restoring the information backup

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Disaster Recovery Plan

• Disaster recovery plan a detailed process for
  recovering information or an IT system in the
  event of a catastrophic disaster
• Hot site a separate and fully equipped facility
  where the company can move immediately after a
  disaster and resume business
• Cold site a separate facility that does not
  have any computer equipment, but is a place where
  employees can move after the disaster

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Disaster Recovery Plan

• Disaster recovery cost curve charts
• The cost to the organization of the
  unavailability of information and technology
• The cost to the organization of recovering from a
  disaster over time

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Building Adaptable Systems

• Flexibility systems must meet all types of
  business changes
• Scalability refers to how well a system can
  adapt to increased demands
• Reliability ensures all systems are functioning
  correctly and providing accurate information
• Availability addresses when systems can be
  accessed by employees, customers, and partners
• Performance measures how quickly a system
  performs a certain process or transaction in
  terms of efficiency IT metrics of both speed and
  throughput