PowerPoint bemutat

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International Scientific Conference on Cereals
Their products and processing
Natural endowment and possibilities of cereal
production
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Tamás Németh
Hungarian Academy of Scineces Research Institute
for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
October 27, 2008
Debrecen
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Characteristics of Hungary
A landlocked, Central European country in the
Carpathian Basin Area 93,030 km2 Population
10,139,000 Besides this, 2.0 million Hungarians
live in Romania, 0.6 million in Slovakia,
0.45-0.45 million in Serbia, and in the USA,
0.17 million in Ukraine, and many in other
countries. 1/3 of all Hungarians live outside
Hungary Peoples Magyar (Hungarian) 88.8
Gypsy 3.8 Ruthen 2.8 German 1.7 Jews
0.8 Romanian 0.4 Slovakian 0.3 Polish,
Croatian, Serb 0.2-0.2. Per capita GDP 7.831
USD / 11.750 USD Proportion of agriculture and
food industry from GDP 7-10
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Average annual precipitation in Hungary
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Annual mean temperature in Hungary
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Land use pattern categories in Hungary,
1901-2000
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Soil type of Hungary
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Soil reaction and carbonate status in Hungary
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Soil texture of Hungary
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Yield increases in main producer countries,
1950-1987
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Correlation between per capita GDP and the
magnitude of P fertilizer application, as grouped
by the population density, in the year of 2000.
(Csathó, 2003)
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Other countries 1 Bangladesh 2 Pakistan 3
India 4 China 5 Croatia 6 Turkey 7
Thailand 8 Brazil 9 Costa Rica 10 Poland
11 Hungary 12 Czech Republic 13 Chile 14
Greece 15 Portugal 16 United Arab Emirates
17 Spain 18 Ireland 19 Finland 20
Netherlands 21 France 22 Belgium-Luxemburg
23 Germany 24 Sweden 25 United Kingdom 26
Austria 27 Denmark 28 Canada.
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World NPK fertilizer consumption, million
tonnes of N-P2O5-K2O, 1950-2000 (FAO Fertilizer
Yearbooks)
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Fertilizer consumption in Hungary, 1901-2000
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Total production of main crops in Hungary,
1901-2000
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Volume of livestock production in Hungary,
1901-2000
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NPK balances in Hungary, 1901-2000 (Agronomic
approach, Csathó and Radimszky, 2000)
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Cummulative NPK balances in Hungary,
1901-2000 (Agronomic approach, Csathó and
Radimszky, 2003)
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Comparison of the philosophies of intensive (MÉM
NAK) and sustainable, environmentally friendly
(RISSAC-RIA) fertiliser recommendation systems,
resp. (Based on the data set of the Hungarian
long-term field trials, 1960-2000)
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Formula of the new, environmentally friendly
fertilizer recommendation system
F (Ye x Sy x M) C, where F recommended
N-, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha doses, Ye the expected
yield level, Sy specific nutrient contents,
expressing the nutrient quantities ?kg?, found in
one tonne of yield, depending on the expected
yield level, M multiplication factor,
depending on the soil nutrient supply categories,
C fertiliser dose correcting factors (type of
pre-crop, aboveground plant residues remaining on
the field, previous farmyard manure application,
etc.).
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T. Lewis (1994)
They should stand not only as a landmark of
progress, but as pointers to new studies
neccessary to sustain and improve productive
agriculture worldwide in an attractive
environment.
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Setting or revision of long-term experiment

• experiment methodology question
• posing scientific question
• treatments and planning
• regional homogeneity
• multifunctional

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Sustainability of long-term experiments

• homogeneous area
• elimination of carrying over
• protection for degradation processes

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Possibilities of long-term experiments
1. Choosing the location of adjustment (for
long time) 2. Ensure the sustainability
(minimum requirement system) 3. Necessary
changes
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• treatments
• cultivation
• harvest

• changing without damage of long-term
• answering for the occurent new questions

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New aspects for approaches

• Opportunities for posing new questions and new
  generations latching on to are one of the most
  important characteristic of the long-term
  experiments
• The long-term experiments are adapted to follow
  the environmental changes, analyse the changes
  which can take effect on experiments monitoring
• Possibility for estimate the impacts of the short
  and long time changes

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Sustainable development
Climate change
Long-term experiments
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Environment protection
Industrial and urban load
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Possibilities

• Follow the environmental changes
• Monitoring
• Development, testing and calibrate of new methods
  and techniques
• Start new type of searches
• Call in new type of estimation
• (statistic and modelling)

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statistic methods
data collecting
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The main characteristic of the long-term
experiments is that it is based on a supposition,
which can be changed in the course of time, it
seeks answers of new challenges, broadens the
scale of the measured parameters, looks for
answers, than asks again.
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Thank you for your attention!
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