Organic

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Organic Molecules
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What are Organic molecules?

• Derived from living things and contain carbon

• Examples glucose (C6H12O6), methane (CH4)

What are Inorganic molecules?

• Derived from non-living things

• Examples water (H2O), Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

BOTH are essential for life, but we will now
focus on organic molecules...
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The nature of carbon based molecules...

• Carbon has 4 e- in its outer shell needs 8

• Will bond with other elements or other carbon
  atoms

• This variety of possible bonding is what is
  responsible for the diversity among living things

• In many carbon compounds, the molecules are
  built from smaller simpler molecules called
  monomers

• 2 or more monomers that bond together form
  polymers

• 2 or more polymers that bond together form
  macromolecules

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How do the monomers bond to produce polymers?
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
two molecules covalently bond and lose a water
molecule in the process
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Example of a monomer HO-t-H Where the t
represents some type of carbon compound bonded to
an HO and H group
monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
HO-t-H HO-l-H HO-n-H ? HO-t-l-n-H 2 H2O
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
HO-t-l-n-H HO-Y-l-t-H ? HO-t-l-n-Y-l-t-H H2O
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Another look...
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How do polymers break apart into monomers?
Hydrolysis polymers are disassembled to
monomers by adding a water molecule back (ex.
Digestion of food)
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Another look...
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Macromolecules for Life
4 types are essential for all living
things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic
Acids
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What are Macromolecules?
1. The prefix macro means giant.
2. Macromolecules are found in living cells and
are made up of thousands of smaller molecules.
3. They are created by a process called
polymerization (poly means many). This is
when many smaller molecules, called monomers,
join together and make polymers (many
monomers).
Remember
Monomer monomer monomer ? polymer
polymer polymer ? macromolecule
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Carbohydrates
Definition, Function, and Use of Carbohydrates

• Substances used to provide living things with
  energy and structure.

• Carbohydrates are sugar molecules.

• Sugars provide living things with energy.

• Categorized as an organic compound because it
  contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
  oxygen.

• 3 types of Carbs monosaccharides,
  disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates

• Made up of linked Monosaccharides simple
  enough to serve as raw materials for synthesis
  of other small organic molecules such as amino
  and fatty acids

• Disaccharides consists of two monosaccharides
  joined by a GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE a covalent bond
  resulting from dehydration synthesis

• Polysaccharides- the polymers of sugars the
  true macromolecules of the carbs

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Carbohydrates
3 Common Monosaccharides
Mono means 1 sugar simple sugars C6H12O6

• Glucose- produced during photosynthesis and used
  by all living things in cellular respiration
  main source of energy for living things

• Fructose- Found in fruits sweetest of
  monosaccharides

• Galactose- Found in milk usually found in
  combination with glucose and fructose

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Monosaccharides

• the building blocks of all other sugar types
• examples
• fruit sugar (fructose)
• blood sugar (glucose)

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Carbohydrates
2 Common Disaccharides
Di means 2 sugars double sugars

• Sucrose made up of fructose and glucose and is
  found in sugarcane/sugar and beets

• Lactose- made of glucose and galactose which is
  found in milk.

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Disacharrides

• two simple sugars attached with a covalent bond
  C12H22O11
• (2 monosacs put together)
• What reaction puts them together?
• examples
• milk sugar (lactose)
• table sugar (sucrose)
• byproduct of starch
• digestion (maltose)

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Carbohydrates
3 Common Polysaccharides
Poly means many sugars complex sugars

• Glycogen- storage form of glucose for animals in
  the liver

• Starch- storage form of carbohydrates very good
  sources of energy for your body

• Cellulose made by plants and gives strength and
  rigidity to plant cells

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Polysaccharides

• many simple sugars attached with covalent bonds
• (just like making disaccharides)
• examples
• starches pasta, bread, corn starch (amylose)
• plant cell walls (cellulose)

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Storage polysaccharides
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Starch and cellulose moleculesPOLYSACCHARIDES
Cellulose
Starch
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Chitin, a structural polysaccharideexoskeleton
and surgical thread
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Carbohydrates
Examples of Carbohydrates

• Pasta

• Potatoes

• Rice

• Wheat

• Shellfish

• Wood

• Cotton

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Isomers same formula, different structure

• Mono- glucose and fructose

Both C6H12O6

• Di- sucrose, lactose, maltose

Both C12H22O11
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Testing for Carbohydrates
Benedicts solution- shows a positive test for
simple sugars with a color change that ranges
from green to yellow or orange. Tests for
monosaccharides.
Iodine- shows a positive test for starch if there
is a color change to blue-black. Starch act as
stockpiles of glucose for later use - the carb
BANK. Tests for polysaccharides.
Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
a disaccharide is present.
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Lipids
Definition, Function, and Use of Lipids

• Fatty compounds

• Lipids do not dissolve in water so they are said
  to be insoluble can form barriers between
  aqueous environment inside and outside the cell
• THIS MEANS THEY ARE NON-POLAR!

Hydrophobicdo not mix/dissolve with water

• Categorized as an organic compound because it
  contains carbon. Also contains hydrogen and
  oxygen

• 3 types of lipids fats/oils, waxes, and
  steriods

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The facts on fats
Fats are also known as lipids.
They are very important in the makeup of the cell
membrane.
They are a stored energy source in animals.
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Are lipids Bad?

• Major function is energy storage
• Ex. Gram of fat stores more than TWICE the
  energy of a gram of carb
• Adipose tissue provides cushioning for organs and
  insulation for body
• Form Phospholipid bilayer of ALL cell membranes!
• Send messages steriod hormones
• Cholesterol in cell membranes cells wont
  freeze!!

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An important cellular lipid

• The outer membrane of all cells is made of a
• LIPID BILAYER
• Cholesterol in membrane prevents freezing!

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Lipids

• Fatty acids (such as saturated and unsaturated
  fats) are the building blocks for lipids

• 1 gram of fat stores twice as much energy as 1
  gram of polysaccharide

• Triglycerides- made up of 3 fatty acid molecules
  and 1 glycerol molecule during a condensation
  reaction (or dehydration synthesis)

Extra fats and carbs not used are converted to
triglycerides and sent to your fat cells!
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The base units of lipids
fatty acids and a glycerol
This one is called a triglyceride
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Fats -- Triglycerides

• Made of two kinds of smaller molecules glycerol
  and fatty acids (one glycerol to three fatty
  acids)
• Dehydration synthesis rxn hooks these up 3
  waters produced for every one triglyceride

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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a
fat, or triacylglycerol
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Lipids
Saturated Fats

• Unhealthy type of fat

• Solid at room temperature

• Majority of fat found in animals

• Believed to contribute to heart disease causes
  plaque to build up in the blood vessels blocking
  the flow of blood and weakening the vessels

Examples

• Bacon grease

• Butter

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Lipids
Unsaturated Fats

• Healthier type of fat

• Usually liquid at room temperature

• Found in seeds and commonly referred to as plant
  oils

Examples

• Corn Oil

• Olive Oil

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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and
unsaturated fats and fatty acids 
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Lipids
Waxes

• Used to coat and protect things in nature

• Highly waterproof

• Can be used for structural support (ie beehives)

Examples

• Beeswax

• Ear wax!!!

• Waxy covering on plant leaves

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Lipids
Steroids

• Found in association with fats because they are
  insoluble Not a true fat

• Found in hormones, nerve tissue, toad venom,
  plant poisons

• The most biologically significant steroids are
  derived from cholesterol including estrogen and
  testosterone

• Athletic steroids slowly destroy internal organs
  and not the muscles

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Testing for Lipids
Translucence Test lipids leave a
semi-transparent spot on brown paper (non-lipids
do not)
Solubility Test lipids are insoluble in water
and soluble in organic solvents (like lighter
fluid)
Sudan III Test lipids stain red in Sudan III
non-lipids do not stain (and if it is a solution,
the non-lipid solution will look pink due to the
dilution of the Sudan III)
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Proteins
Definition, Function, and Use of Proteins

• Help support and strengthen materials in tissues
  outside of the cell including bones, cartilage,
  tendons, ligaments

• Help store and transport other substances

• Help defend the body against foreign substances
  (bacteria, viruses, etc.)

• Help speed up certain chemical reactions in the
  cell with the aid of enzymes

• Categorized as an organic compound because it
  contains carbon. Also hydrogen, oxygen
  nitrogen.

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Proteins
Examples of Proteins

• Blood

• Insulin

• Mucus

• Keretin

• Milk Products

• Eggs Poultry

• Meat

• Fish Shellfish

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Proteins
Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino acids- monomers that make up proteins
What are Amino Acids

• They string together to form long chains which
  make specific proteins

• 20 different types

• Can form dipeptide and polypeptide chains

• Dipeptides 2 amino acids bonded together

• Polypeptides polymers of amino acids

• Protein one or more polypeptides folded and
  coiled into specific conformations.

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?The 20 amino acids link together in various
combinations to form different proteins ?Ex
skin protein, muscle protein, blood protein, etc
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How amino acids link
Peptide bond is between C N
R
H2N--C--C--OH
H O
R
H2N--C--C--OH
H O

• H is removed from one a.a. and OH is removed
  from another a.a. ?

H2O . . .
condensation!
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Proteins
4 Examples of Amino Acids

• Asparagine

• Histidine

• Leucine

• Tryptophan

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Asparagine

• widely available in plant protein (like
  asparagus)

• required by the nervous system to maintain
  homoestasis

• Required for amino acid transformation from one
  form to the other which is achieved in the liver

• Also found in dairy, beef, poultry and eggs

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Histidine

• compound released by immune system cells during
  an allergic reaction

• needed for growth and for the repair of tissue

• Required for the manufacture of both red and
  white blood cells

• Maintains the myelin sheaths that act as
  protector for nerve cells

• Helpful in producing gastric juices

• Found in dairy, meat, poultry, fish, rice, wheat
  and rye

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Leucine

• helps with the regulation of blood-sugar levels

• Growth and repair of muscle tissue (such as
  bones, skin and muscles)

• Energy regulation

• Wound healing

• Growth hormone production

• Can assist to prevent the breakdown of muscle
  proteins that sometimes occur after trauma or
  severe stress

• Found in protein foods, as well as brown rice,
  beans, nuts and whole wheat

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Tryptophan

• Required for the production of niacin (vitamin
  B3)

• Needed for production of serotonin, a
  neuro- transmitter that is important for normal
  nerve and brain function important in sleep,
  stabilizing emotional moods, pain control,
  inflammation, intestinal peristalsis, etc

• Important in controlling hyperactivity in
  children, assists in alleviating stress, helps
  with weight loss and reducing appetite

• Found in cottage cheese, meat, soy protein and
  peanuts

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Proteins
How are Enzymes Related to Proteins

• A catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in
  the cell

• Breaks down proteins into amino acids

• amylase an enzyme in your saliva

• muscles (all meats are protein)

• structural proteins- hair, nails, horns, and
  hooves

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Spider webs are made of protein
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Enzymes
In association with proteins...

• Reactions depend on the physical fit between the
  enzyme molecule and its substrate (like a lock
  and key)

• The enzyme conforms to the reactant's shape and
  reduces the activation energy.

• After the reaction, the new products are
  released and the enzyme remains unchanged so it
  can be used again.

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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Activation energy- energy needed to get a
  reaction started
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
  catalysts (speed up a reaction)

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Testing for Proteins
Biuret Reagent- test gives a yellow or
pink-to-purple reaction in the presence of
protein. Biuret powder can be used to
demonstrate this classic color reaction as well.
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Nucleic Acids
Definition, Function, and Use of Nucleic Acids

• The building blocks of living organisms

• Complex organic molecules that store important
  information in the cell DNA RNA

• Help in the process of making proteins

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
  phosphorous

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Nucleic Acids
Subunit of Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides- made up of a sugar, a phosphate and
  a base

• 3 monomers phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base

• Bases- adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine,
  uracil
• Thymine is found in DNA but not in RNA
• Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA

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Nucleic Acids
DNA

• Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

• Store genetic information that is essential for
  all cell activities

• Primarily found in the nucleus of a cell

• Controls the production of proteins within the
  cell form the structural unit of cells and
  controls all chemical processes within the cell

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DNA the genetic code

• DNA is found in the nucleus of all cells

• DNA holds the master code for making all proteins

• DNA determines how one looks and acts

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Nucleic Acids
RNA

• Stands for ribonucleic acid

• Stores and transfers info that is
  necessary for protein manufacturing

• Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm

• Vital in the production of proteins!

• 3 types mRNA (messenger),
  tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)