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Launch Vehicles

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Title: Launch Vehicles


1
Launch Vehicles
2
Not all are the same -
Expendable and Reusable
3
Sometimes they dont work !
4
Two Types
Launch Vehicles
  • Expendable launchers are consumed during the
    launch process and fall into the sea or burn up
    in the atmosphere.
  • Reusable launchers make a soft landing on earth
    or at sea and can be refurbished for use on a
    future mission.

5
Expendable Launchers
  • Many evolved from or were developed concurrently
    with military ICBM designs.
  • Liquid fuel is most common for main engines.
    Additional solid rocket boosters may be strapped
    on for additional lifting capacity.
  • Despite more than 50 years experience, launch
    failures are very common.

6
Reusable Launchers
  • Designed specifically for spacecraft launch.
  • Liquid fuel is used for main engines. Additional
    solid rocket boosters supply additional lifting
    capacity.
  • Although not frequent, launch and recovery
    failures do happen.
  • Challenger
  • Columbia

7
Launch Vehicle Classification
  • Heavy-Lift
  • Lifts up to 20 tons to LEO, up to 10,000 pounds
    to GTO, or 4,000 pounds to GEO
  • Example Russian Proton system
  • Light-Medium Lift
  • Lifts less than 10,000 pounds to LEO/MEO
  • Cheaper than a heavy-lift booster.
  • Example Pegasus air-launched system

8
How do you launch to orbit?
  • LEO/MEO - direct orbital insertion is common.
  • GEO
  • 1st place in LEO
  • 2nd kick into a GTO
  • Apogee is at GEO
  • Perigee is at LEO
  • 3rd circularize orbit at GEO
  • Some larger launchers can launch reduced mass
    payloads directly to GEO.

9
Example of Clarke Satellite Belt
Panamsat GEO Satellites
10
Liquid Fuel Rocket
  • Liquid fuel and oxidizer, stored in tanks in the
    rocket is pumped into a combustion chamber where
    it burns.
  • Hot exhaust gasses are expelled through a movable
    nozzle to provide thrust.
  • Typical Fuels include hydrazine, kerosene,
    alcohol and liquid hydrogen, Oxidizer is
    typically liquid oxygen.

11
XPIS - Xenon Ion Propulsion System
  • Boeing 601HP Thruster13 centimeters in
    diameter500 Watts18 mN of thrust
  • Boeing 702 Thruster25 centimeters in
    diameter4500 Watts165 mN of thrust

12
What makes the Rocket go ?
  • The Law of Conservation of Momentum is the key to
    understanding a rocket.

m Mass of Rocket v Velocity of
Rocket dm Mass of Fuel Expelled v
Velocity of Exhaust
13
Rocket Equation
Rocket Equation
14
Boeing Delta Family
15
Delta III had some problems
  • First Delta III launched suffered from a
    combustion chamber breach in the second stage
    engine.
  • Stranded communications satellite in useless
    orbit.
  • Shuttle mission may be used to attach a booster
    to the satellite and send it looping around the
    moon to return to GEO.
  • Recently launched a dummy payload to prove its
    reliability.

16
Delta III Launch
First stage falls away as viewed from within the
second stage engine fairing.
Solid booster separation from first stage.
17
Delta IV Heavy Launcher
  • 2-stage vehicle using common booster core and
    external solid rocket Graphite-Epoxy Motors
    (GEMs).
  • 4-5 m diameter launch fairing.
  • Up to 28,950 to GTO.
  • Stages are restartable in flight for more precise
    payload placement.

18
RS-68 Main Engine
  • Boeing/Rocketdyne design.
  • Liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX oxidizer.
  • Produces 650,000 lbs thrust.

19
Delta IV Mission Profile
20
Lockheed Atlas V
  • Lockheeds answer to Boeings Delta series
  • Heavy lift launcher up to 19,114 lbs to GTO,
    45,238 lbs to LEO.

21
Lockheed Atlas V
  • Successful first launch August 2002, placed the
    Hot Bird commercial communications satellite into
    GEO ( 13 degrees East) for Eutelsat.

22
Lockheed Titan IV
  • Heavy-lift vehicle.
  • Based on Titan ICBM, the Titan IV was first
    launched in 1989.
  • Hybrid liquid-fuel/solid fuel first stage.
  • 47,800 lb to LEO, 12,700 lb to GEO.

23
Ariane
  • Ariane 1 first flew in December 1979 and was
    designed as a commercial launcher.
  • Ariane 1 superseded as payload masses increased,
    currently Ariane 5 is the latest design.
  • Payload capacity GTO-14,000 lb, LEO- 46,000 lb.
  • Liquid fueled with solid 2 rocket boosters
    affixed to the first stage.

24
Russian Proton
  • Heavy lift vehicle.
  • Developed in the 1960s, has been very reliable
    with over 260 missions completed (including one
    9/5/00).
  • 3 stages to LEO, 4 to GEO.
  • 46,000 lb to LEO, 10,868 lb to GTO, 4,630 to GEO.
  • Liquid fueled engines on all stages.
  • Total liftoff weight of 1,500,000 lbs.

25
Russian/Ukrainian Zenit
  • Medium-Heavy lift launcher.
  • Used in Sea Launch system in addition to
    ground-based launches.
  • Sea-Launch uses a converted oil drilling platform
    for launching from the equator.
  • Equatorial launches get an energy boost from the
    Earths rotation and can place more payload into
    GEO.
  • Sea Launch can place 11,550 to GEO.

26
Chinese Long March
  • Different configurations depending on user
    requirements.
  • Used to launch Iridium, other satellites.
  • Up to 9,900 to GTO.
  • 936,760 lb GTOW
  • Source of much political controversy in the US.
  • 70 million launch cost.

27
Orbital Sciences Pegasus
  • Launched at 40,000 ft from L-1011 or B-52
    aircraft.
  • LEO only capability, up to 1000 lbs.
  • 29 missions to date.
  • 55.4 ft long, 50 in. diameter, 22 ft wingspan.
  • 51,000 lb GTOW

28
Boeing Inertial Upper Stage
  • 2-stage booster used with the Space Shuttle and
    Titan IV launchers to boost satellites to GEO.
  • Solid rocket motors
  • 17.5 feet long, 9.5 feet dia.
  • System weighs 32,000 lbs.

29
Space Shuttle
  • Manned, partially reusable heavy-lift launch
    systemorbiter and SRBs reused, external fuel
    tank expended.
  • 55,000 lb to LEO.
  • 4.5 million lb at takeoff, 394,000 lb at landing.
  • Max payload 60 feet long, 15 ft diameter, 55,000
    lb.
  • Intended for LEO satellite launching and repair.

30
Rotary Rocket Roton
  • Manned LEO launch and recovery capability.
  • Fully reusable single stage to orbit vehicle.
  • 7,000 lb per flight.
  • 7,000,000 per flight (1,000 per pound).
  • Uses kerosene and oxygen.
  • Soft landing via autorotation and thrusters.
  • Several successful ground launches, now canceled.

31
Rotary Rocket Roton
32
Kistler K-1
  • Powered by Kuznetsov NK-33 and NK-43 engines left
    over from the defunct Soviet N-1 1970s manned
    lunar rocket program.
  • Up to 10,500 lb to LEO, depending on inclination.
  • 2 stages, fully reusable, LOX/kerosene fueled.
  • 841,000 lb GTOW.
  • NASA contract awarded May 2001.

33
Privatization of Space
  • Prior to the 1986 Challenger disaster NASA
    handled launches for commercial customers.
  • The Space Shuttle was intended to serve as a
    reusable launch platform for government and
    commercial customers.
  • Once the risks of manned flight were understood,
    it was decided that no more commercial payloads
    would fly on the shuttle.
  • Expendable launch vehicle design had not been
    worked on with anticipation that the shuttle
    would handle all launches.
  • Several companies in the US and Europe rushed to
    fill the void, and after the fall of the Soviet
    Union, Russia and the Ukraine entered the
    commercial launching services market. China,
    Brazil, India, Pakistan, and Israel all have the
    capability of launching satellites to GEO or LEO.
  • After Columbia ?
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