The determinants of women employment in the police department

1
The determinants of women employment in the
police department

• Taehyun Kwon
• Econ 539

2
Main literature

• Affirmative Action, Political Representation,
  Unions, and Female Police Employment.
• Tim R.Sass and Jennifer L.Troyer, 1999
• Journal of Labor Research 20(4), 571-587.

3
Individual choice versus market discrimination

• Neo-classical human capital theory
• - more part time
• - less work hour
• Theory of labor market discrimination
• - employer, co-workers, customers

4
Data

• The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's
  EEO-4 survey
• the LMW Enforcement Management and Administrative
  Statistics (LEMAS) survey
• The Police Personnel Practices survey performed
  by the International City/County Management
  Association (ICMA)

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Empirical Model

• f f (L, Ir, V, Im, U, A, C)
• L Labor force participation rate of adult women
  in a community
• Ir Gender of city councilors or the mayor
• V Voter preferences
• Im Level of satisfaction of the city manager
• U Existence of a police union
• A existence of one or more previous
  court-decided EEO lawsuits
• C nonpecuniary characteristics of the job of
  police officer

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Table (1) Tobit estimates of percent female
new-hire police employment
variable 1981 1987 1987 1991 1991
Council-Manager city -1.50 -0.90 -5.58 -3.43 -6.33 -4.10 3.37 2.02 1.22 0.79
Judicial decisions 16.23 9.74 11.90 7.31 8.48 -2.96 -3.24
Union -0.27 9.25 11.34 2.98 4.92
Male Employee -1.14 -1.78 -1.78 -1.20 -1.15
Lagged Pct. Female New hires _ _ 0.15 _ 0.01
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Table (2) Tobit estimates of Change in percent
female new-hire police employment
variable 1981-1987 1987-1990/91 1987-1990/91 1981-1990/91
Council-Manager city 1.681 0.985 0.360 0.180 0.679 0.343 1.705 1.032
Judicial decisions 6.272 3.674 1.840 0.922 1.467 0.721 8.562 5.184
Union -1.870 -1.095 0.331 0.166 0.202 0.099 -0.919 -0.556
Male Employee -0.476 0.279 -0.202 0.101 0.277 0.136 0.615 0.372
Lagged Pct. Female New hires _ _ 0.021 0.010 _
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Other related literatures

• Vivian Price, 2002, Race, Affirmative Action,
  and Womens Employment in US Highway
  Construction. Feminist Economics 8(2), 87-113.
• Kevin M. OBrien, 2003, The determinants of
  minority employment in police and fire
  departments., The Journal of Socio-Economics 32,
  183-195.

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Result

• Anti-discrimination litigation
• - positive()
• Existence of Female Councilors or mayors
• - didnt significantly affect
• - OBrien support
• The proportion of male officers
• - negative(-)
• Labor union
• - Ambiguous(?)

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analysis

• Female councilors or mayor
• - doesnt affect
• - Black mayor EEO complaints(OBrien)
• - EEO complaints Judicial, advocate, community
  pressure(?)
• Labor union
• - mid 1980, early 1990
• - negative ? positive
• - further research