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Typical Structure of WTO TradeEnvironmentConflict

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Title: Typical Structure of WTO TradeEnvironmentConflict


1
Typical Structure of WTO Trade/Environment-Conflic
t
  • 1. Restriction to trade
  • 2. Violation of Art. III or/and XI GATT
  • 3. Justification of restriction by Art. XX (b) or
    (g) GATT

2
Shrimp-Turtle Case (1)
  • I. Violation of Art. XI GATT ()
  • II. Justification by invoking Art. XX (g) GATT
  • 1. measure ()
  • 2. relating to the conversation of exhaustible
    natural resources
  • a. exhaustible (resource)
  • aa. view of India, Pakistan, Thailand (-)
  • arg. reasonable interpretation of the term
    exhaustible is that the term only refers to
    finite resources such as minerals rather than
    biological or renewable resources
  • gt justification (-)

3
Shrimp-Turtle Case (2)
  • bb. View of Appellate Body ()
  • arg. living species, though in principle
    capable of reproduction and, in that sense,
    renewable are in certain circumstances indeed
    susceptible of depletion, exhaustion and
    extinction
  • especially regarding sea turtles all 7 species
    listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on
    International Trade in Endangered Species of
    Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
  • b. resource
  • special problem resources national resources?
  • solution of Appellate Body sea turtles are
    highly migratory species and all sea turtles
    covered by US Section 609 occuring in US Waters

4
Shrimp-Turtle Case (3)
  • c. relating to conservation ()
  • no blanket ban, but aimed at specially harmful
    methods of harvesting
  • 3. in conjunction with restrictions on domestic
    production or consumption ()
  • in conjunction with ban on national production
    methods (even- handedness)
  • 4. Chapeau (no arbitrary of unjustifiable
    discrimination...)
  • a. unjustifiable discrimination ()
  • arg. special treatment for some countries
    (consultations, phase-in period etc.)
  • b. arbitrary discrimination ()
  • arg. no inquiry of US authorities into the
    special conditions of different countries

5
Shrimp-Turtle Case (4)
  • 5. result justification based on Art. XX (g)
    GATT (-)
  • III. Final result Violation of GATT ()
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