Air Quality Monitoring and Management in Kathmandu, Nepal

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Air Quality Monitoring and Management in
Kathmandu, Nepal
Presented By Chiranjibi Gautam Urban Env. AQM
Advisor Environment Sector Program Support (A
HMG/DANIDA Program) Ministry of Population and
Environment Co-Authors Suman Sharma, Project
Manager, ESPS/MOPE Karsten Fuglsang, AQM Expert,
Force Technology, Denmark BAQ 2004, Agra,
India 6-8 December, 2004
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Kathmandu Valley General Background

• Approximately 1.8 million population
• About 1300 meter above sea level
• A valley surrounded by 500 to 1000 m high
  mountains
• November to June- generally dry
• Lowest temperature around 0oC in Jan/Feb
• July to October- rains frequently
• Wind speed is generally calm

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Kathmandu Valley Air Quality Monitoring

• Campaign monitoring during 90ies
• Campaign monitoring during 2000-2001 for design
  of permanent air quality monitoring system
• Permanent air quality monitoring system
  established in late 2002
• Monitoring of meteorological parameters- part of
  the air quality monitoring system

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Kathmandu AQMM Institutions Involved

• Ministry of Population and Environment
• Muncipalities (five) in Kathmandu Valley
• Department of Transport Management
• Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police
• Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
• Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology
• Royal Nepal Academy of Science Technology
• Private laboratories
• Soil Test
• ENPHO
• NESS

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Kath AQMM Locations of Stations
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Kath AQMM- Parameters Monitored
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Kath AQMM Focus on PM10

• Designed according to EN12341
• Sustainable pump system
• Manual shift of filters
• 24 V battery backup for use during power cut
• Can be swithed to PM2.5
• can be programmed for 6 hrs interval

Passive Samplers for NO2, SO2, and Benzene
PM2.5
PM10
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Kath AQMM Status on PM10
NAAQS
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Kath AQMM Status on Benzene and NO2
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Kath AQMM Vehicle Emission Control
Import of only EURO-I vehicles Phased out of
diesel 3-wheelers, 2-stroke 3-wheelers, and 20
year old taxies Incremental tax on old vehicles
(15 years and older) Fiscal incentives to
electrical vehicles Road development and
maintenance fund (fuel tax) and additional
customs on import of vehicles for urban road
maintenance
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Kath AQMM Vehicle Emission Control

• Institutions involved in vehicle emission testing
  and monitoring strengthened
• All vehicles required to have green stickers to
  ply in Kathmandu Valley
• On road monitoring of black smoky vehicles
• Training to auto-mechanics for proper repair and
  maintenance of vehicles
• Private auto-workshops to be involved in vehicle
  emission testing
• Govt. institutions to concentrate on on-road
  monitoring

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Kath AQMM Industrial Emission Control

• Ban on new registration of highly polluting
  brick kiln technology (Bulls Trench kilns).
• BTK to be changed either to Fixed Chimney or VSVK
  by September 2004
• Energy Efficiency program in industrial boilers
  and brick kilns started in 2001

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Kath AQMM Awareness Creation
Regular publication of results Radio jingles, TV
spots, Hoarding boards Awareness trainings
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Kath AQMM National AAQS
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Kath AQM Positive Results
Roadside avg of 2 stations
Residential avg of 3 stations