Action Research for Maximum Impact

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Action Research for Maximum Impact

• John Young
• CFHSS Congress 2006
• York University

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The Series

• Effective Research for Development Policy How
  researchers can maximize their influence on
  policy.
• Evidence and the Policy Making Process How do
  policy makers access research, what constitutes
  evidence.
• Action Research for Maximum Impact Some "good
  news" case studies, and practical research tools
  for practitioners.

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This Workshop

• Can research influence policy?
• The RAPID CEL Framework
• Good news stories what works?
• Some practical tools
• Group work trying out the tools
• Sources of further information.

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Agriculture in Africa

• The whole life of policy is a chaos of purposes
  and accidents. It is not at all a matter of the
  rational implementation of the so-called
  decisions through selected strategies

Clay Schaffer (1984), Room for Manoeuvre An
Exploration of Public Policy in Agricultural and
Rural Development, Heineman, London
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Chronic Poverty in Uganda
Kate Bird et al, Fracture Points in Social
Policies for Chronic Poverty Reduction, ODI
WP242, 2004 http//www.odi.org.uk/publications/wor
king_papers/wp242.pdf)
6
Health Policy in Tanzania

• The results of household disease surveys
  informed processes of health service reform which
  contributed to a 43 and 46 per cent reduction in
  infant mortality between 2000 and 2003 in two
  districts in rural Tanzania.

TEHIP Project, Tanzania www.idrc.ca/tehip
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An Analytical Framework
External Influences Socio-economic and cultural
influences, donor policies etc
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Case Studies

• Sustainable Livelihoods The Evolution of DFID
  Policy
• The PRSP Initiative Research in Multilateral
  Policy Change
• The adoption of Ethical Principles in
  Humanitarian Aid post Rwanda
• Animal Health Care in Kenya Evidence fails to
  influence Policy
• 50 GDN Case Studies Examples where evidence has
  or hasnt influenced policy

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A Practical Framework
political context
Politics and Policymaking
Media, Advocacy, Networking
Research, learning thinking
evidence
links
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What you need to know

• The external environment Who are the key actors?
  What is their agenda? How do they influence the
  political context?
• The political context Is there political
  interest in change? Is there room for manoeuvre?
  How do they perceive the problem?
• The evidence Is it there? Is it relevant? Is it
  practically useful? Are the concepts familiar or
  new? Does it need re-packaging?
• Links Who are the key individuals? Are there
  existing networks to use? How best to transfer
  the information? The media? Campaigns?

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What researchers need to do

• Work with them seek commissions
• Strategic opportunism prepare for known events
  resources for others

• Get to know the policymakers.
• Identify friends and foes.
• Prepare for policy opportunities.
• Look out for policy windows.

• Who are the policymakers?
• Is there demand for ideas?
• What is the policy process?

• Build a reputation
• Action-research
• Pilot projects to generate legitimacy
• Good communication

• Establish credibility
• Provide practical solutions
• Establish legitimacy.
• Present clear options
• Use familiar narratives.

• What is the current theory?
• What are the narratives?
• How divergent is it?

• Get to know the others
• Work through existing networks.
• Build coalitions.
• Build new policy networks.

• Build partnerships.
• Identify key networkers, mavens and salesmen.
• Use informal contacts

• Who are the stakeholders?
• What networks exist?
• Who are the connectors, mavens and salesmen?

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Policy entrepreneurs
Storytellers
Networkers
Engineers
Fixers
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Any good stories?
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Paravets in Kenya

• 1970s
• 1980s
• 1990s
• 2000s

• Professionalisation of Public Services.
• Structural Adjustment ? collapse of services.
• Paravet projects emerge.
• ITDG projects.
• Privatisation.
• ITDG Paravet network.
• Rapid spread in North.
• KVB letter (January 1998).
• Multistakeholder WSs ? new policies.
• Still not approved / passed
• But well established throughout the country!

Professionalisation of Public Services. Structural
Adjustment Privatisation ITDG Paravet
network and change of DVS. KVB letter (January
1998). Multistakeholder WSs ? new policies.
ITDG projects collaborative research.
Dr Kajume
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Livestock Services Indonesia

• 5-year 5m DFID-funded project 1996-2001
• Long DFID involvement, successful pilot senior
  government champion
• Field-level pilots, HRD and central policy
  components
• Very strong emphasis on engagement and
  communication
• 1998 Krisis Monitaire
• Field-tested practical solutions
• Critical mass of trained champions
• Good linkages with other programmes
• Luck

For more information www.deliveri.org/default.htm

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Health Policy in Tanzania

• GoT strongly committed to improved services but
  hightly centralised and few resources
• TEHIP IDRC / CIDA / Government of Tanzania
  project since 1997 how can health services be
  more evidence-based?
• Local disease surveys informing local service
  planning
• improved resources (global projects)
• Ongoing surveys now annual process
• ? child mortality of 40 by 2002, ? death rates
  15-60 yrs of 18 (cf no change elsewhere)

TEHIP Project, Tanzania www.idrc.ca/tehip
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Critical factors

• Long involvement
• Understanding of the context
• Local champions ownership
• Researchers, policy makers and practitioners
  working together
• Practical (policy) solutions
• Engagement with all stakeholders (ie including
  bureaucrats and communities)
• Effective communications
• Flexibility
• Personalities
• Luck

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Some practical tools
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Practical Tools
Overarching Tools - The RAPID
Framework - Using the Framework -
The Entrepreneurship Questionnaire
Context Assessment Tools - Stakeholder Analysis
- Forcefield Analysis - Writeshops -
Policy Mapping - Political Context
Mapping
Communication Tools - Communications
Strategy - SWOT analysis - Message Design -
Making use of the media
Research Tools - Case Studies
- Episode Studies - Surveys -
Bibliometric Analysis - Focus Group Discussion
Policy Influence Tools - Influence Mapping
Power Mapping - Lobbying and Advocacy -
Campaigning A Simple Guide - Competency
self-assessment
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Introducing some tools

• RAPID Framework
• Problem Situation Analysis (Tree Analysis)
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Policy Process Mapping
• Force field analysis
• Influence mapping
• SWOT analysis

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RAPID CEL Framework
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Problem Tree Analysis

• Discuss and agree the problem or issueto be
  analysed.
• Identify the causes of the focal problem
  (roots) and then the consequences(branches)

NB The discussion is the most important
thing as issues are debated factors are
arranged and re-arranged, often forming
sub-dividing roots and branches
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Stakeholder Analysis

• Why
• To understand who gains or lose from a policy or
  project.
• To help Build Consensus.
• Steps
• Identify Stakeholders
• Analysis Workshop
• Develop Strategies

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Policy Process Mapping

• General domestic and international context.
• Specific Policy Issues (i.e. the policy cycle)
• Who are the Stakeholders? (Stakeholder analysis)
• Arena government, parliament, civil society,
  judiciary, private sector.
• Level local, national, international
• What is their Interest and Influence?
• Process matrix political matrix
• Political and administrative feasibility
  assessment
• Sources M. Grindle / J. Court

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Actors and processes
Source Yael Parag
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Forcefield Analysis

• Identify what you want to achieve
• Identify forces for and against change
• Identify which are the most important
• Develop strategies to reinforce those for and
  overcome those against

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SWOT Analysis

• What type of policy influencing skills and
  capacities do we have?
• In what areas have our staff used them more
  effectively?
• Who are our strongest allies?
• When have they worked with us?
• Are there any windows of opportunity?
• What can affect our ability to influence policy?

Skills and abilities Funding lines Commitment to
positions Contacts and Partners Existing
activities
Other orgs relevant to the issue Resources
financial, technical, human Political and policy
space Other groups or forces
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SMEPOL Project Egypt

• An IDRC project to improve small and medium scale
  enterprise policy in Egypt
• Policy analysts researchers
• Used a range of tools
• Policy Process Mapping
• RAPID Framework
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Force-Field Analysis
• SWOT
• To develop action plans for more evidence-based
  policy development

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• Group Work
• Stakeholder Analysis
• Policy Mapping
• Forcefield Analysis

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Selected Bibliography

• Tools for Policy Impact http//www.odi.org.uk/RAP
  ID/Publications/Tools_handbook.html
• A Toolkit for Progressive Policymakers
  www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Publications/Tools_EBP_handbo
  ok.html
• Successful Communication www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Pub
  lications/Tools_Comms_handbook.htm
• The TEHIP Case Study and website
• www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Tools/Case_studies/TEHIP.html
  
• www.idrc.ca/tehip
• The DELIVERI Case Study and Website
• www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Tools/Case_studies/DELIVERI.h
  tml
• www.deliveri.org/default.htm
• The Paravets in Kenya Case Study
• www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Tools/Case_studies/Paravets.h
  tml

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RAPID Stuff

• ODI Working Papers
• Bridging Research and Policy Book
• Meeting series Monograph
• RAPID Briefing Paper
• Tools for Policy Impact
• Communication Tools
• Policymaker Tools
• RAPID CDROM
• www.odi.org.uk/rapid