1' Cleavage

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1. Cleavage

• A restriction enzyme is used to cleave the DNA
  into fragments that can be sorted by
  electrophoresis.
• DNA Restriction

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2. Recombinant DNA

• DNA fragments are inserted into plasmids or viral
  vectors whose DNA has been cleaved by the same
  endonuclease.
• Media Center Recombinant DNA

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3. Plasmid vectors

• Plasmids or vectors are introduced to a cell (
  usually bacteria) which will produce many cells
  of the DNA clone.
• Animation Quiz 2 - Construction of a Plasmid
  Vector

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3. Clones and antibody resistance

• The Rise in Antibiotic Resistance
• Clones with the desired genes are modified to
  resist an antibiotic or to possess unique
  nutritional capabilities. Such clones would be
  the only survivors when all clones are subjected
  to the antibiotic or put on a medium that only
  they can utilize.

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1. Screening / selection

• All cells survive the screening process, while
  only the selected cells survive the selection
  process.

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2. Sticky ends

• Sticky ends contain a single stranded end
  complementary to the target fragment's single
  stranded end with which it can pair.
• http//www.slic2.wsu.edu82/hurlbert/micro101/imag
  es/LigaseAnimation6.gif

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3. Recombinant DNA

• DNA that has been combined in the laboratory with
  that of another genome so as to produce a novel
  combination.

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4 vector

• A vector is a genome that carries foreign DNA
  into a host . Two commonly used vectors are
  plasmids and viruses.
• Media Showcase

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5. DNA clones

• Plasmid Cloning
• A probe is a nucleic acid containing a known
  complementary sequence of nucleotides. The probe
  is made radioactive and added to the clone
  library. It will hybridize with a complementary
  sequence in the clone and be detected by
  autoradiography .

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6. PCR

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Produces large amounts of DNA.
• DNA dissociates at about 98 degrees C and
  reassociates at about 60 degrees C

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7. Southern Blot

• Animation Quiz 5 - Southern Blot
• DNA is separated by electrophoresis. The
  resulting bands are blotted onto nitrocellulose.
  The blots are hybridized with radioactive nucleic
  acids and detected by autoradiography.

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8. cDNA

• Animation Quiz 3 cDNA
• cDNA is DNA made of intron free genes. mRNA
  corresponding to the desired gene is isolated.
  Using reverse transcriptase, the mRNA is
  transcribed into a single cell strand of DNA,
  which is a template to form a double strand of
  DNA

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9. Nif gene

• The nif gene enables an organism to utilize
  atmospheric nitrogen. Such a plant would no
  longer be dependent upon soil nitrogen and would
  not require nitrogen fertilizer.

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10. Golden rice

• Transgenic rice is higher in iron content and
  will solve the iron deficiency problem in rice
  dependent populations. Rediscovering Biology -
  Online Textbook Unit 13 Genetically Modified
  Organisms
• Transgenic goats milk Rediscovering Biology -
  Animation Archive

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Benefits of trans foods

• The Benefits and RisksThere are many complex
  arguments on both sides of the genetically
  modified food debate. A short summary of the
  benefits includes
• Increased yields
• Herbicide tolerant crops encourage less tilling
  and less soil erosion
• Insecticidal crops encourage less use of harmful
  pesticides
• Virus resistent crops
• Development of crops that are drought or salt
  tolerant
• Development of vaccine or chemical producing
  plants

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Risks

• Among the risks suggested by GMO opponents are a
  variety of possible health and environmental
  problems
• Possible allergic or other health responses in
  humans and livestock
• Creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens
  
• Harm to "non target" beneficial species soil
  organisms, helpful insects, birds or other
  animals
• Unwanted gene flow
• Evolution of super-resistent weeds
• Irreparable changes in species diversity and
  genetic diversity within a species

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• 11b 12c 13a 14d 15e
• 16e 17b 18a 19c 20d
• 21e 22c 23e 23a 25d
• 26c 27b 28d 29d 30a

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• Teachers' Domain Guess What's Coming to Dinner?