ExCeL, London

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ExCeL, London 12 March 2008
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• Attention please, attention please, here is an
• important announcement,
• it is necessary to ask everyone to leave the
• building.
• Please make your way calmly to the nearest exit.
• Everyone will be re-admitted as soon as
  possible.

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Please turn off your mobile phone
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David RichardsonPresident

• Stone Federation Great Britain

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Promote the use of natural stone
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Technical Advice Data Sheets Codes of Practice
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Sources of stone
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• One-stop shop
• Information
• Guidance
• Advice

Stone Federation Great Britain
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STONE

• Selecting
• Sourcing
• Processing
• Manufacturing
• Delivering
• Fixing

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• Natural Stone Awards

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important to test BS EN
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Bruno Miglio

• Arup Façade Engineering

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Grand Egyptian Museum Translucent Stone
Wall Stone in the City 12th March 2008
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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exterior
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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the wall basics
43 mega-frames 33280 cladding panels
(frames) 93184 individual pieces of stone 1723
variant stone shapes
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mega-frame structure
cable networks steel framing
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plane 6
interface 1
plane 2
plane 6
plane 5
plane 6
plane 1
plane 4
plane 6
interface 3
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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mega-frame 10 framed cladding panel elevation
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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corner casting isometric
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mega-frame 29 frame kerf fixing details
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side length (mm)
stress due to unfactored wind load (MPa)
mega-frame number
panel analysis initial calculationsall un-split
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..\4.40 - calculations\Translucent Stone Wall\TP
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side length (mm)
stress due to unfactored wind load (MPa)
mega-frame number
panel analysis second iterationsubdivision and
optimisation
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alabaster

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marble

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Onyx (1)
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Onyx (2)

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benrather karree, düsseldorf (2003)
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bibliothèque de lalcazar, marseille (2003)
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hotel auriga, milan(1997)
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx
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iranian white onyx quarry
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iranian white onyx blocks
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bolivian white cloud onyx
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bolivian white cloud onyx quarry
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turkish honey onyx
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turkish honey onyx
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turkish honey onyx quarry
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turkish honey onyx quarry
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turkish honey onyx blocks
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turkish honey onyx blocks
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macedonian onyx slabs
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macedonian onyx
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macedonian onyx quarry
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macedonian onyx quarry
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macedonian onyx blocks
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afyon dorato
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afyon dorato
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afyon doratoquarry (skyros, greece)
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afyon doratoquarry (skyros, greece)
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afyon dorato blocks
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Dr Tim Yates

• BRE Ltd

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Theres no such thing as bad stone only
badly used stone

• Tim Yates, BRE
• 12th March 2008,
• Stone in the City,
• The Natural Stone Show 2008

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Where do we begin ?

• Choosing by appearance colour, texture, etc
• Meeting a required performance strength,
  durability
• Performance or prescription?
• Trial and error?
• Past performance
• Testing and assessment

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How many types of stone are available?

• Locally for example Bath Stone
• About 6
• Nationally for example UK
• Around 250
• World Wide
• Over 8000

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Where do we begin ?
Variable
Variable
Fixed
Stone properties
Project needs

• Failure!
• At the limit!
• Success!

Fixed
Project needs
Stone properties

Project needs
Stone properties
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How do we match a stone to a project?

• Failure mode effect analysis
• What can go wrong?
• What can we test for this?
• How can we manage the risk?
• Is it safe?
• Will it last?
• Is it strong enough?

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Specifying by experience

• Local Stone
• Trial and error Observation
• Experience Measurement
• Traditional Use Testing
• Classification
• Portland Stone in London
• - observation of balusters on buildings in
  Whitehall
• - failure of stone at the Palace of
  Westminster

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Performance versus Product specification

• Example 1
• Resistant to 10 m/s wind loading
• 70mm thick cladding
• London limestone

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Performance versus Product specification

• Example 2
• Durable for 50 years
• Weathering rate 2mm per 100 years
• Class B
• London limestone (based on tradition)

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Product specification

• BS 8298 1994 Design and installation of natural
  stone cladding and lining
• Use stone like this and it will be alright
• BS 680 1971 Specification for roofing slates
• Use slates that pass
• (Now replaced by BS EN123630
• BS5385 Part 5 1994 Wall and Floor Tiling
  Design and installation of terrazzo tile and
  slab, natural stone and composition block
  flooring
• Doesnt matter what you use as long as you do it
  right

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Different types of test (1)

• Index tests
• Petrographic description
• Porosity, Density and Water Absorption
• Saturation Co-efficient
• Strength tests
• Compressive
• Flexural
• Modulus of Rupture
• Strength around a fixing
• Point load

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Different types of test (2)

• Durability tests
• Freeze-thaw resistance
• Salt resistance
• Thermal Shock
• Safety
• Slip and skid resistance
• Component tests
• Wind loading
• Fire
• Impact

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Deterioration of natural stone

• Erosion and spalling
• Large, solid stones
• Loss of strength
• Thermal and moisture cycles
• Biological growths
• Westminster Abbey, London

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Deterioration of cladding

• Bowing and distortion of marble cladding
• Large, thin panels
• Loss of strength
• Thermal and moisture cycles
• University Library, Göttingen, Germany

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Deterioration of cladding

• Bowing and distortion of marble cladding
• Large, thin panels
• Loss of strength
• Thermal and moisture cycles
• Finlandia Hall Helsinki
• Amoco Tower Chicago

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Different uses of stone in construction
External Cladding
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External Cladding
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External Cladding
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Different uses of stone in construction -
Flooring and Paving
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Different uses of stone in construction -
Roofing
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Roofing
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Roofing
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Roofing
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Roofing
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Roofing - does something always go wrong?
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Vimy Ridge
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Vimy Ridge
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Will the stone do what I want it to do?
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Stone in different environments
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Is the stone what I wanted?
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A few pointers

• Select the stone with care
• Establish what performance requirements of the
  project
• Recent test results
• Assurance that the material is consistent
• Extra tests if needed
• Workmanship
• A good contractor
• Sorting
• Laying
• Any questions?

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Some conclusions

• Performance
• Life time
• Realism

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Thank you for your attention
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Use of Stone in Building
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Science is a splendid thing to have on the
first floor as long as there is good sense on the
ground floor Oliver Wendell Holmes Senior
(1809-1894)
American Physician, professor and poet.
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La Sagrada Familia
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You employ stone, wood and concrete, and with
these materials you build houses and palaces
that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But
suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good, I am
happy and I say This is beautiful. That is
Architecture.
Le Corbusier, Vers
une Architecture, 1923
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WHY STONE ?
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Azal Macaubus
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Fior Di Pesco
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Onice Rosso
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Rosso Levanto
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The Church of St. Lawrence Bradford on
Avon Circa 700 AD
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.
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Christopher Wren 1632-1723
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STONE
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BRICKS
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Brick continued in use for large buildings
though, due to architectural fashion, it was
commonly faced with stucco and painted, partly
to imitate stone, considered to be a more
dignified quality material
Doreen Yarwood, Encyclopaedia of Architecture
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MODERN CHOICES
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No. 1 Poultry City of London 1997
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STONE IS A NATURAL MATERIAL
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USING STONE INTERNALLY
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IN CONCLUSION
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Quality Degree or Standard of Excellence
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