History of these United States: The Early Industrial Revolution

1
History of these United StatesThe Early
Industrial Revolution
Note These United States (plural) will become
the United States (singular) after the Civil War.

• Ruth Ediger
• ediger_at_spu.edu
• Seattle Pacific University
• March 18, 2009

2
Outline

• Economic Revolution
• Four smaller industrial revolutions
• Machines now used to produce goods
• Labor is organized into the factory system
• Artificial power used instead of human, wind, or
  animal power
• Enterprise is funded through commercial capitalism

• Social Revolution
• From predominantly agrarian to the rise of cities
• Immigrants and natural increase
• The Second Great Awakening Religious Revival
• Slavery
• Womens Rights
• From Enlightenment thinking to American
  Romanticism
• Interactions with Native Americans (sadly more of
  the same)

• Democratic/Political Revolution
• US begins its rise on the world stage
• Compromise! Compromise!! Compromise!!!
• But the Union Falls Apart

• Revolution in Geography
• Westward expansion

3
Organization (Teaching Techniques)
Knowledge What is it?
Significance Why is it important? What resulted
from it?
Connections How does it relate to the rest of
what was happening at the time?
4
Economic Revolution
The American Industrial Revolution can be broken
down into four smaller separate but
interconnected revolutions, each a significant
development.
First Machines would now be used more and more
to produce goods.
Third Artificial power would now be increasingly
used instead of human, wind, or animal power.
Fourth Enterprise would increasingly be funded
through commercial capitalism
Second Labor was organized into the factory
system.
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
5
1. Machines would now be used more and more to
produce goods.
Although the Industrial Revolution was underway
in England fifty years earlier it was not until
1789 that Samuel Slater was able to build a
cotton-spinning mill in Rhode Island from his
memory of English models.
http//www.sec.state.ri.us
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
6
1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
Significance Many thought slavery was dying out.
The cotton gin made slave labor profitable again.
http//teams.kipr.org/2007/07-0001/research/past_c
lip_image002.jpg
Connections The increasing importance of slavery
for the Southern plantation system would
eventually cause significant political tensions
and eventually lead to the Civil War.
http//www.cals.lib.ar.us/butlercenter/abho/photos
/unidentified20workers20in20cotton20field.jpg
7
1834 Cyrus McCormick invents a reaper that can
harvest 14 times the amount of wheat with the
same amount of labor.
http//www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh
Significance More crops could be harvested with
less labor thus increasing farm productivity.
Connections New commercial farms altered the
landscape by introducing new crops and grasses
(notably wheat for bread corn was fed to
livestock or made whiskey), reducing the fires
that kept the prairie free of trees, and
surpluses were shipped east to feed the growing
population.
http//www.us-coin-values-advisor.com/images/McCor
mick-Reaper.jpg
http//jonesfarmsorganics.com/Images/wheat_field.j
pg
8
1837 John Deere invents and patents a
sharp-cutting steel plow that that can slice
through the thick prairie sod without soil
sticking to the blade.
Significance Traditional plows could not
penetrate the densely tangled roots of prairie
grass. This new plow could making it possible to
farm even more land than before!
Connections No part of the prairie was off
limits to farming and the land was soon
checker-boarded off into the pattern established
by the Northwest Ordinance.
http//www.plowclub.org/page6/page4/files/RepoPlow
.jpg
http//jonesfarmsorganics.com/Images/wheat_field.j
pg
9
2. Labor was organized into the factory system.
Connections Factory towns led to increased
urbanization.
Significance The factory system could employ
those with low or no skills.
1813 Francis Cabot Lowell organized textile mills
in Massachusetts.
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
10
The factory system recruited single females.
Significance This was one of the few jobs that
paid women a good wage. Many of them came from
farms to work in the factories.
Connections Women organized for better wages and
working conditions learning the power of
collective bargaining.
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
http//ocw.mit.edu
11
The rise of the American factory system based on
mass manufacture under one management and one
roof, power driven by specialized machines based
on interchangeable parts.
Significance The Textile industry grew radically
after the War of 1812 and up to 1840 when other
industries began to catch up.
Eli Whitney again! (well, really, Jean Baptiste
Vaquette de Gribeauval)
Connections Increased factories led to increased
supply which led to falling demand and lower
prices and wages. Workers organized but were put
down by the courts so they turned to politics.
There they found a hero from the War of 1812 and
elected Andrew Jackson in 1828
12
It would not be until 1814 when Eli Terry created
the pillar-and-scroll clock that a complex
machine could be mass-produced from
interchangeable parts.(Even then these were
wooden parts.)
However, it was not until after 1816 when Simeon
North and John Hall were able to mass-produce
complex machines with metal moving parts, in this
case, guns.
Significance
4,750
Connection
www.flayderman.com
http//antiquesandfineart.com/
13
3. Artificial power would now be increasingly
used instead of human, wind, or animal power.
Significance Artificial power created by steam,
coal, and other fuels is more powerful than
traditional human, wind, or animal power and
lasts as long as you keep feeding in the fuel.
Connections Need for more fuels led to the
growth of fuel industries such as coal. It also
led to new inventions.
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
http//www.old-picture.com/
14
1765 James Watt makes improvements to the steam
engine
Significance Steam engines could run stronger
and longer.
Connection Factories powered by steam and not
dependent on water power could work year round
and be placed almost anywhere. This leads to work
moving out of the cottages and creating economies
of scale. This in turn leads to the ability of
capital to work more efficiently and for
improvement in manufacturing productivity.
http//www.deutsches-museum.de
15
1807 - Robert Fulton operated the first
successful steam powered ship on the Hudson River
www.longwood.edu
Significance Steam engines could run stronger
and longer. Steam powered ships could more easily
move against the current.
Connection Goods could more easily and more
quickly get to eastern and foreign markets using
the Mississippi river highway thus expanding
the western and US economy.
http//serc.carleton.edu
http//images.encarta.msn.com
16
Americas Original Highways
www.latinamericanstudies.org
17
In 1817 work began on the Erie Canal that ran
from Albany to Buffalo, NY. It was completed in
1825.

http//www.eriecanal.org
18
Americas Highways 1825-1860
www.latinamericanstudies.org
19
Comparison of travel timesfrom New York 1800 to
1830
http//voteview.com/images/R
20
Canals and Steamboat Routes 1825, 1860
Significance Steam powered ships accessible
waterways more places can now move more goods
and people faster and farther.
Connection These routes and the means to travel
them helped bring economic development into the
interior of the US.
www.latinamericanstudies.org
21
Steamboats at Pittsburgh
Connection Increasing accessibility also meant
that ideas like democracy, racism, and capitalism
also more readily reached into the interior of
the country .
www.latinamericanstudies.org
22
In 1853 Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company
completed its railroad from the port of
Baltimore, MD to Wheeling, WV (then V)
Significance This railroad was a faster route
for Midwestern goods to reach the East coast than
the hugely successful but slow Erie Canal.
www.latinamericanstudies.org
Connection Railroad tracks could be laid almost
anywhere. Soon they were being laid all over the
US.
23
http//www.sdpb.org
Authorized by Congress in 1862 and completed in
1869 the Transcontinental Railroad would not have
been possible without the immigrant labor of the
Chinese and Irish.
Significance
ttp//americanhistory.si.edu
Connection
http//artfiles.art.com/images
24
Railroad Land Grants in 1890
http//www.canbyhistoricalsociety.org
Significance
Connection
25
In 1837 Samuel F. B. Morses telegraph
revolutionized communication much as rail and
steam engines had revolutionized transportation
Significance
Connection
www.cl.cam.ac.uk
www.magnet.fsu.edu
http//history.sandiego.edu/gen/images3/1844morse.
jpg
26
4. Enterprise would increasingly be funded
through commercial capitalism
In the peace and stability that followed the end
of the War of 1812, New England merchants had
been trading and were able to build up sufficient
capital to invest in the building of factories.
(Guelzo, et al, 2003)
http//mrthompson.org/text
27
American coal industry spawned due to increased
need for power
Significance
Connection
http//ehistory.osu.edu/osu
28
Yet what must not be forgotten?Agriculture still
remained nationally dominant!
http//pro.corbis.com/images/
29
Outline

• Economic Revolution
• Four smaller industrial revolutions
• Machines now used to produce goods
• Labor is organized into the factory system
• Artificial power used instead of human, wind, or
  animal power
• Enterprise is funded through commercial capitalism

• Social Revolution
• From predominantly agrarian to the rise of cities
• Immigrants and natural increase
• The Second Great Awakening Religious Revival
• Slavery
• Womens Rights
• From Enlightenment thinking to American
  Romanticism
• Interactions with Native Americans (sadly more of
  the same)

• Democratic/Political Revolution
• US begins its rise on the world stage
• Compromise! Compromise!! Compromise!!!
• But the Union Falls Apart

• Revolution in Geography
• Westward expansion

30
Formation of the U.S. Constitution (1787)Trade
and Taxation
Northern manufacturing states wanted a protective
tariff (a tax on imports) to make foreign
products more expensive than their goods.
Southern agricultural states wanted no taxes on
their products exported to Britain.
Compromise Congress can tax imports but not
exports
www.jimwegryn.com/Names/PlaceNames.htm
31
Even before the American Revolution colonists
were expanding westward.
http//www.mnstate.edu/seabooks/boone.jpg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileWilderness_road_
en.png
Daniel Boone (1734  1820) was a famous Kentucky
pioneer who established the Wilderness Road
through the Cumberland Gap 1775 and served in the
Virginia Legislature.
1787 The Northwest Ordinance reduced tensions
over western land claims and created a process
for new territories to become states.
32
In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson purchased the
rights to the Louisiana Territory from France for
15 million doubling the size of the country,
gaining control of New Orleans and the
Mississippi and its tributaries, and untold
natural resources.
Connections These resources are going to help
fuel the growth of the country and give its
people room to expand west.
http//www.mrnussbaum.com/lpmap.gif
33
By 1804 Jefferson dispatched Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark on a mission officially called the
Corps of Discovery to explore the new purchase.
They became the first Americans to reach the
Pacific Ocean. (Of course, having Sacajawea and
her baby along didnt hurt.)
http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a
/Carte_Lewis-Clark_Expedition-en.png
34
Soon the Pacific Coast was economically tied into
the rest of the country and even into world
markets with the fur trade. John Jacob Astor who
founded the American Fur Co. (1808) and the
Pacific Fur Co. (1810) established a series of
trading posts all the way to Fort Astoria on the
Columbia River.
http//cache.eb.com
http//www.thefurtrapper.com
35
At the beginning of the 19th century the US
begins its rise on the world stage but first they
have to prove that they could stand up as an
independent nation-state.
Even though the US had won its independence from
Britain and claimed neutrality, the British were
still practicing impressment. (That is, the
British were still routinely stopping US ships
and forcibly drafting US sailors into British
service.)
http//www.napoleonguide.com/images
ttp//www.britishbattles.com/
36
This lead to the War of 1812aka the Second Half
of the US Revolution
Although the war ended in 1814 with the Treaty of
Ghent and the US sovereignty finally received
recognition it was not before Francis Scott Key
wrote the Star Spangled Banner and the British
had burned the White House causing Dolly Madison,
the Presidents wife to flee with critical state
papers and a portrait of George Washington.
ttp//velvethammer.files.wordpress.com
37
American independence from England and Englands
recognition of US sovereignty freed the US from
British interference.
Remember Sam Slater who had to sneak into the US
to build his cotton-spinning mill?
By 1823 President James Monroe was bold enough to
proclaim that the US would no longer tolerate
further colonial expansion in the Western
Hemisphere The Monroe Doctrine.
http//historynerdatunco.tripod.com
38
Two large themes influence US politics during
this era territorial expansion and division over
the place of slavery.
On the one side those who thought that the US
should expand westward but slavery should not.
On the other side those who thought that the US
should expand westward and slavery also.
media.photobucket.com
Eventually this debate will rip the country apart!
39
Revolution in Geography Territorial Growth
1775
1840
1810
1790
1820
1850
1860
1830
1800
http//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/histus.html
40
The Second Great Awakening 1820-1850 fueled the
anti-slavery impulse
Olaudah Equiano
John Charles Wesley
William Wilberforce
John Newton
(First Great Awakening 1730s)
41
Southerners initially thought of slavery as a
necessary evil but this would change over time.
The cotton gin coupled with growing need for
cotton for the New England mills led to 1
Nat Turners Revolt in 1831 led Southerners to
fear for their physical safety. (2)
(3) Rising abolitionist sentiment nationwide led
Southerners to redefine slavery from a necessary
evil to a positive good

• Concurrently, three developments harden Southern
  attitudes
• 1. Economic importance of slavery
• 2. Fear of slave risings
• 3. Reaction against abolitionism

42
Social Revolution Slavery
Initially the founding fathers thought that
slavery was dying out because it was becoming
non-profitable but the cotton gin changed that.
(Remember the 3/5th compromise in the U.S.
Constitution?)
http//teams.kipr.org/2007/07-0001/research/past_c
lip_image002.jpg
The increasing number of textile factories in
England and New England also meant that cotton
was in greater demand than ever.
43
1820 The Missouri Compromise
http//www.phschool.com/curriculum_suppor
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 put forth by
Henry Clay allowed Missouri into the union as a
slave state and Maine in as a free state thus
keeping the critical balance of free and slave
states.
44
How did Native Americans Fare?

• The Cherokee Indians
• Created alphabet
• Written language
• Newspaper
• Constitution
• US Supreme Court case

1832 The Black Hawk Indian War 1835-42 the
Second Seminole Indian War
http//mikeytherhino.files.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Andrew Jackson President 1829-1837
1838 Trail of Tears
http//www.historicaldocuments.com
www.indianahumanities.org
45
1836 the Founding of the Republic of Texas!
http//media.maps.com
At first Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in
Texas but their numbers increased, outnumbering
the Mexicans and some brought in slaves (illegal
in Mexico at the time).
The Texans declared independence and the fight
was on! When a Texan garrison at an old mission
known as The Alamo resisted, General Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna killed all 187 defenders
including General William Barrett Travis, Davy
Crockett, and Jim Bowie.
What are the 6 flags that have flown over Texas?
In 1845 Texas was admitted to the Union as a
slave state.
46
From the beginning Americans had thought of
themselves as set apart. By the 1840s Americans
began to believe that they should control the
land from coast to coast spreading their
political, social and economic freedoms.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileAmerican_progres
s.JPG
Manifest Destiny! American Progress painted by
John Gast in 1872 shows settlers moving West
aided by technology (the telegraph, railroads)
bringing light replacing Native peoples, wild
animals, and darkness.
(universal white male suffrage, no king or
aristocracy, no established church, capitalism)
47
From 1818-1846 the US and British disputed over
the boundary between Oregon and Canada.
http//en.wikipedia.org
The US wanted Fifty-four forty or fight!
The British wanted 42
In 1846 they settled on the 49th parallel.
www.quiltersmuse.com/political_quilt_blocks.htm
http//www.traveloregon.com/
48
The Mexican War, 1846 1848, was instigated and
won by the US under President James K. Polk in
order for the US to gain control of California
and New Mexico.
http//cache.eb.com
Just in time for the Gold Rush of 1848!
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war
http//www-tc.pbs.org
49
Emerging out of the Abolitionist movement, the
Womens Rights Movement organized a conference in
1848 in Seneca Falls, New York where they
declared All men and women are created equal.
Living in a limiting, patriarchal society, the
women found they could relate to the lives of
slaves.
http//www.nps.gov
50
The Compromise of 1850 allowed CA in as free and
let popular sovereignty choose the rest.
http//americancivilwar.com
John C. Calhoun (l) Daniel Webster (m) Henry Clay
(r)
51
In 1852 Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher
Stowe was published, further enflaming both
sides of the slavery debate.
52
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 declared that the
people of each territory would determine whether
they were slave or free the issue would be
determined by popular sovereignty.
Sen. Stephen Douglas, Ill.
53
Underground Railroad ferried slaves north to
Canada and freedom. It was at its height from
1810 to 1850 and was more of a psychological
success than numerical. (Although US census
records only account for 6,000 slaves being
freed, some historians put the figure as high as
100,000.)
http//www.straycatsquilting.com
Harriet Tubman was one of the conductors making
19 trips and freeing approximately 70 people.
http//en.wikipedia.org
54
By the late 1850s the country was becoming more
and more polarized over the issue of slavery.
Clearly this could not go on.
In 1857 the US Supreme Court stepped into the
foray with the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that
declared slaves to be property and not citizens.
In 1859 the abolitionist John Brown led a raid on
Harpers Ferry, VA. He was later executed and
became a martyr for the North.
http//www.mohistory.org/
http//www.cs.cornell.edu/
55
Civil War!
radionostalgianetwork.com
56
A Few Very Helpful Resources

• Davidson, James West, William E. Gienapp,
  Christine Leigh Heyrman, Mark H. Lytle, and
  Michael B. Stoff. 2005. Nation of Nations A
  Narrative History of the American Republic, fifth
  edition. Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.
• Guelzo, Allen C. 2003. Dark Satanic Mills,
  lecture for The History of the United States,
  second edition, Part 3. Chantilly, VA The
  Teaching Company.
• Woodward, William. Professor of History, Seattle
  Pacific University

57
History of these United StatesThe Early
Industrial Revolution
Note These United States (plural) will become
the United States (singular) after the Civil War.

• Ruth Ediger
• ediger_at_spu.edu
• Seattle Pacific University
• March 18, 2009