The Chemistry of Consumer Products

1
The Chemistry of Consumer Products

• Mrs. Rick
• Room 216
• T,F mods 22-24

2
Course Outline

• Water
• Surfactants
• Detergents
• Skin cleansing / Protection
• Fragrances
• Foods

3
Course Responsibilities

• Attendance / participation
• Activities
• Exam

4
Water

• Water is one of the most abundant resources on
  Earth.
• How is water used?

5
Water Use
6
Water

• Where does the water we use come from?
• Hydrologic Cycle

7
Water

• Distribution of the Earths Water supply
• Rivers 0.0001
• Atmospheric Moisture 0.001
• Lakes 0.009
• Ground Water 0.62
• Glaciers and Ice Caps 2.11
• Ocean Water 97.2

8
(No Transcript)
9
Water

• Typical contaminants
• Soot
• SO2
• CO2
• Iron
• Chlorine
• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Mercury

10
Water

• Solutions
• A mixture that is completely uniform throughout
• Suspension
• Contain relatively large, easily seen particles
• Colliods

11
Water

• Colloids
• In colloidal suspensions the particles are much
  larger than the solutes in a solution.
• For solutions, ions and molecules have a size of
  about 10-7 cm.
• In colloids, the particles are larger, with sizes
  from 10-7 to 10-5 cm.
• The colloidal particles are still to small to
  settle out due to gravity.

12
Water
Tyndall Effect
13
Water
14
Water

• Primary factors affecting water quality
• pH
• Dissolved ions
• Heavy Metals
• Pb, Hg, Cd
• Organics

15
Water

• Purification
• Distillation / Condensation
• Bacterial Action
• Filtration
• Chemical Treatment
• Hard Water
• Permanent Hardness
• Temporary Hardness

16
Water Hardness
17
Water

• Most regions of the US have relatively soft
  water.
• Most European countries have water with permanent
  hardness averaging 320 ppm!

18
Water Analysis

• Available Oxygen
• Chloride ion
• Calcium / Magnesium ion

19
Water

• Analysis for available oxygen
• Measured by adding KI and H2SO4 to sample.
• Iodide ions will reduce any available oxygen and
  be reduced to elemental I2

20
Water

• Cont.
• Elemental iodine is then titrated with sodium
  thiosulfate.
• I2 2S2O32- ? 2I- S4O62-
• Disappearance of brown iodine color gives
  endpoint. (Starch used for added clarity)

21
Water

• Analysis for Chloride Ion
• Small amount of NaCrO4 is added, and water sample
  is titrated with AgNO3.
• AgCl precipitates (cloudy white) until all Cl-
  is used, then AgCrO4 forms (bright red)

22
Water

• Determination of Water Hardness.