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Title: 199506325: Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Project (YKFP) Monitoring And Evaluation


1
199506325 Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Project
(YKFP)Monitoring And Evaluation
  • David Fast, Bill Bosch, Ray Brunson, Craig
    Busack, Andy Dittman, Joel Hubble, Mark Johnston,
  • Curt Knudsen, Don Larsen, Jason Rau,
  • Steve Schroder, Charles Strom, Todd Pearsons,
  • Doug Neeley, Bruce Watson

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4
Yakima River Sub-basin
5
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7
Estimates of Historical Anadromous Fish Runs in
the Yakima Subbasin as Compared to Recent Run
Size (5-year Average, 1999-2003)
Species/Race
Pre-1900 Run
Recent Average
Fall Chinook 132,000
7,402 Spring Chinook 200,000
12,985 Summer Chinook
68,000 0 Coho
110,000
3,354 Summer Steelhead 80,500
2,528 Sockeye
200,000 0
8
1982
The Council first encouraged BPA to fund the
design, construction, operation, and maintenance
of a hatchery to enhance the fishery for the
Yakama Indian nation as well as all other
harvesters. (NPPC 1982)
9
SPECIES ENHANCED IN YKFP
  • ALL STOCKS IN BASIN - TIERED
  • SPRING CHINOOK INITIAL STOCK 1997
  • COHO FEASIBILITY PART OF PROGRAM
  • FALL CHINOOK 1998
  • STEELHEAD MODELING, PLANNING, (and KELT
    RECONDITIONING)
  • OTHER STOCKS OF ABOVE SPECIES REVIEWED FOR
    POTENTIAL

10
SPECIES ENHANCED IN 2003
  • SPRING CHINOOK SUPPLEMENTATION
  • COHO FEASIBILITY
  • FALL CHINOOK
  • STEELHEAD KELT RECONDITIONING

11
YKFP SPRING CHINOOK
  • CLE ELUM SUPPLEMENTATION AND RESEARCH FACILITY
  • SUPPLEMENTATION
  • RESEARCH

12
YKFP SUPPLEMENTATION AND RESEARCH PROGRAM Purpose
To test the hypothesis that new
supplementation techniques can be used in the
Yakima River Basin to increase natural production
and to improve harvest opportunities, while
maintaining the long-term genetic fitness of the
wild and native salmonid populations and keeping
adverse ecological interactions within
acceptable limits
13
SUPPLEMENTATION GOALIMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION
  • 1. Increase Survival
  • Egg to Smolt
  • Outmigrating Smolts
  • Returning Adult
  • Maintain Demographic Traits of Wild Fish
  • Age Composition
  • Run Timing
  • Spawning Timing
  • 3. Maintain Homing and Spawning Site Selection
  • 4. Reproduce Successfully!

14
IMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION
  • 1. Increase Survival
  • Egg to Smolt Supplementation Culture
  • Outmigrating Smolts
  • Precocial Males
  • Fish Predators
  • Bird Predators
  • Returning Adult
  • Columbia Migration
  • Harvest

15
Cle Elum Supplementation Research Facility
  • OCT/SNT Rearing and
  • Survival Research
  • David Fast, Charles Strom, Mark Johnston, David
    Lind,
  • Curtis Knudsen, Doug Neeley Bill Bosch

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MISSION OF FACILITY
  • Collect Broodstock
  • Enumerate Spawning Escapement
  • Monitor Characteristics of Escapement (age,
    length, weight, DNA,)
  • Enumerate Hatchery Returns (by Treatment,
    Acclimation Site and Brood Year)

18
BROODSTOCK COLLECTIONGENETIC GUIDELINES
  • COLLECTION THROUGHOUT ADULT RUN TIMING
  • RANDOM COLLECTION OF ADULTS
  • TAKE NO MORE THAN 50 OF ADULTS INTO HATCHERY
    (HALF THE ADULTS SPAWN IN THE WILD)

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21
Research Monitoring Activities
Designed to test the performance of the two
treatments of artificially reared fish (OCT vs.
SNT), and to compare their performance with
naturally reared fish.
22
Hatchery Fish Performance will be Measured in
Four Areas
Post-release Survival (smolt release to
adult) Reproductive Success (smolts/spawner) Lon
g Term Fitness (genetic diversity and long term
stock
productivity) Ecological Interactions
(population abundance, and
distribution, growth rates,
predation and
competition)
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25
Cle Elum PIT Tagging Operation
134 KHz (ISO) Tags
Tagged 5.6 Fish per Raceway ( 2,225 per
Raceway)
40,000 Fish PIT tagged
Selected 40,000 Total Marked to Rigorously
Estimate Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rates.
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27
PIT-Tag data transfer
  • Fish volitionally leave acclimation raceways,
    starting March 15 (screens pulled, all ponds).
  • PIT-Tag data retrieved from migration channel
    detection system.
  • Data downloaded to PTAGIS system, distributed to
    YKFP data managers.
  • Fish movement posted on YKFP website.

28
Clark Flat Pond
Easton Pond
River Flow At Ellensburg
Flow at Easton
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30
Outmigrant SNT and OCT Treatment
Release-to-McNary-Dam Survival Indices within
Sites for Brood-Years 1997 through 2001 (1999
through 2003 Outmigrants)
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35
Wild and Hatchery Smolt Survival Indices From
Roza Dam to McNary
36
Northern Pike Minnow Predation and Movement
  • Presented by
  • Michael Berger
  • Joe Jay Pinkham
  • Linda Lamebull
  • And
  • (Special thanks to Joel Hubble for project design
    assistance)
  • Yakama Nation

37
Project Objectives
  • The purpose of this project is
  • 1st- to estimate the number of salmon smolts
    being consumed by Northern Pike Minnows within
    the Lower Yakima River
  • 2nd- to develop an Index of Catch Per Unit Effort
    for relative abundance
  • Lastly, to track movement of NPM that have been
    pit tagged in our sections

38
Consumption data
  • During tagging, every 5th fish is sacrificed so
    that stomach contents may be taken and examined
    for fish and insect proportions.
  • Preliminary in field estimates are made by eye,
    to determine the ratio of fish to invertebrate in
    the stomach.
  • Further examination by microscope will be
    conducted at the lab to retrieve more accurate
    determination of species in gut.

39
Removal of stomach for analysis
40
Removal and storage of stomach contents.
41
Analysis of contents via stained hard structures
42
Identification to species
43
2004 Juvenile Passage Data
44
Catch Per Unit EffortDeveloping an Index of
Relative Abundance
  • CPUE fish caught/duration of effort (minutes
    shocking)

45
CPUE Total for March 25th - May 24th
46
Tracking Movement
  • Fish are collected and marked in pool habitats
    within 1-mile sections, separated by 2-mile
    buffers (total of 9 sections)
  • Entire reach from Naches River confluence to
    Toppenish Creek(33.3miles) is shocked to track
    movement between sections
  • Shocking schedule
  • Once a Month in Spring
  • Once in Summer
  • Once in Fall
  • Once in winter

47
Conclusions
  • Consumption still pending, but salmon smolts
    have been found in larger NPM
  • CPUE Depends on several factors, but prey
    presence/absence and river flow (Q) seem to
    effect this index the most
  • Movement Northern Pike Minnow seem to be site
    tenacious for the most part. Some large
    movements, but as a whole, most fish stay in the
    sections they were originally marked in.

48
Monitoring and Evaluation of Avian Predation on
Juvenile Salmonids on the Yakima River, Washington
Summary of 2003 Results
  • Ann E. Stephenson
  • Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
  • Yakama Nation Fisheries

49
Objectives
Monitor the impacts of avian predation on
juvenile salmonids on the Yakima River using two
major surveying techniques for two different
modeling methods
River Reach Surveys Hotspot Surveys Secondary
Surveys Acclimation Site Surveys North Fork
Teanaway Surveys
Common Merganser Male
50
Results Hotspots
Average Daily Gull Abundances
Chandler
Horn Rapids
Peak Day May 28 27 gulls on average Overall
average of 6 gulls per day 2002 high of 47
gulls, average 8 per day
Peak Day May 9 67 gulls on average Overall
average 8 gulls per day 2002 May 13 98 gulls
on average Overall average 16 gulls per day
51
Results - Hotspots
Consumption Estimates of gulls
Chandler Horn 2003 Total fish consumed
78,436 62,913 2002 Total fish consumed 195,279 84,
203 40 75
52
Results River Reaches
Birds Abundances By River Reach Spring Zillah 5.3
birds/km Canyon 1.23 birds/km
Birds Abundances By River Reach Summer Easton
2.28 birds/km Cle Elum 1.02 birds/km Canyon
1.14 birds/km
53
Results River Reaches
Consumption Estimates Stratum 1 Stratum
2 Stratum 3 Spring 87.5 kg/km 30.2 kg/km
246.5 kg/km Summer 43.2 kg/km 24.1 kg/km
54
PIT Tag Interrogation Roza Dam (134 KHz PIT)
Jacks 97 BY (400 KHz PIT)
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58
92 Gain with Supplementation
87 Gain with Supplementation
59
YKFP HARVEST Spring Chinook Supplementation
Project Enhanced the tribal subsistence And
ceremonial fisheries Initiated the first sport
fisheries In over 50 years
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61
Teanaway R. Spring Chinook Redd Counts, 1981 -
2002
62
Precocious Wild and Hatchery Spring Chinook on
the Spawning Grounds
Does the Cle Elum Supplementation and Research
Hatchery alter the distribution, abundance,
age/size, and behavior of precociously maturing
males in the natural environment?
Observations from 1999-2003
  • Wild precocious males were more abundant on the
    spawning grounds than hatchery precocious males,
    with age 0 being the predominant age class.
  • There was no difference in the number of hatchery
    and wild precocious male progeny produced per
    female parent, which indicates that the hatchery
    did not alter the abundance of precocious males
    on the spawning grounds.
  • Hatchery precocious males were larger (Pgt0.05)
    and behaviorally dominated most interactions with
    wild precocious males on redds.
  • Many hatchery precocious males were found in
    non-spawning areas during spawning time.

Pearsons et al. 2004, BPA report DOE/BP 00013756-5
63
IMPROVE NATURAL PRODUCTION
  • 3. Maintain Homing and Site Selection
  • Homing to Acclimation Sites
  • Redd Characterization and Selection
  • Reproductive Success
  • Laboratory
  • Spawning Channel

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Factors Affecting The Reproductive Success of
Hatchery- Wild Male Spring Chinook
S. Schroder, C. Knudsen, T. Pearsons, D. Fast,
J. Rau, S. Young, B. Watson, J. Scott, A. Fritts
M. Hamlin
67
Defining Reproductive Success

Adult Performance
Establish Territory Construct Nests Spawn Guard
Redd
Find Females Exclude Rivals Spawn
68
Defining Reproductive SuccessProgeny Performance
Fry-to-Smolt Survival Smolt-to-Adult
Survival Adult Performance
Egg-to-Fry Survival
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SPAWNING CHANNEL - Constructed summer 2000 First
comparative behavioral/reproductive fitness
Studies took place during fall 2001
71
Adult Handling Placement Into the Observation
Stream
Weighed and PIT Tag Codes Were Recorded
Tagged With Petersen Disks DNA Sampled
72
Adult Handling Placement Into the Observation
Stream
After Tagging The Fish Were Transported In
Water- Filled Coolers and Released Into The
Observation Stream
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Types of Observations Made
  • Hours Alive In The Observation Stream
  • Spawning Participation
  • Behavioral
  • Production Of Offspring

75
Types of Behavioral Observations
  • Scan
  • 3-5 Min per fish all interactions
  • Focused
  • 60 180 Min on fish associated with an active
    female

76
Examples Of Observed Color Patterns
B
A
C
  • Male with Female
  • Male
  • Female
  • Male

D
77
Results
78
Social Status Color Patterns In Males
(Excludes Satellites)
Pattern Sub-Dominate Solitary Sub- Dominate w Female Dominate Solitary Dominate w Female
Stripe 82 0 2 4
Dark 5 9 5 81
79
Social Status Color Patterns In Females
Pattern Nomad Exploratory Digging Territorial Early Spent
Dark 51 14 11 0
Medium 39 36 4 0
Stripe 10 50 86 100
80
Color Patterns of Males Attacked By Females
Color Pattern Of Male Of Observed Attacks
Dark 15
Medium 10
Stripe 75
81
All Fry Produced From The Observation Stream Were
Trapped Counted
10 Of The Fry Were Sub-sampled a Pedigree
Analysis Using Micro-satellite DNA Was Performed
To Assign Parentage
82
Variation In Male RS
CV 169
83
Factors Affecting Male Reproductive Success
Physiological Status Behavior Longevity Color
Relative Size Origin Hatchery or
Wild

84
Male Body Weight Vs. RS
40.000

30.000
Arc Sin Male RS
R2 .16
20.000
10.000
0.000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Male Body Wt In Kilograms
85
Trait Females Males
Behavior Poorer at Acquiring Territories Build Fewer Nests Less Successful at Egg Burial Poorer At Guarding Nests Less Aggressive Reduced Searching Reduced Courtship Less Attentive to ??
Morphology Less Pronounced Secondary Sexual Characters Less Fusiform Shorter Kypes, Smaller Jaws Adipose Fins Less Fusiform
Physiology Delayed Maturation Greater Egg Masses Egg Size Changes - Fecundity - Testes Size Increase
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SUPPLEMENTATION GOALMAINTAIN THE LONG-TERM
GENETIC FITNESS OF THE SUPPLEMENTED AND NATIVE
POPULATIONS
  • Monitor Genetic Traits of Fish
  • Develop Research Program to Evaluate
    Domestication Effects of Hatchery

88
Genetic Research SXS, HXH, WXW
89
ADULT TRAITS
  • Age composition by sex
    No significant differences(NSD)
  • Size-at-age by sex
    Significant differences have been

  • observed every year between

  • supplementation and wild
    origin

  • age-3 (2.6 cm and 0.2 kg) and
    -4

  • (1.9 cm and 0.3 kg) fish
    (ANOVA

  • plt0.01). No significant
    trends in

  • size over the period 2001 to
    2003.
  • Sex ratio at age
    No significant differences
  • Migration Timing
    No significant trend
  • Spawn Timing
    NSD in 2001, 2002. Supplementation

  • fish spawned 6 days earlier
    in 2003
  • Fecundity
    Age 4 supp females 8 lower
  • Egg size
    NSD
  • Reproductive Effort
    NSD

90
JUVENILE TRAITS
  • Emergence Timing
    No significant differences(NSD)
  • Kd at Emergence
    NSD
  • Egg-Fry Survival
    NSD
  • Developmental Abnormalities
    NSD
  • Fry-Smolt survival in hatchery
    Monitoring not Completed (MNC)
  • Juvenile Morphology at release
    MNC
  • Smolt-Smolt survival
    MNC
  • Smolt-Adult Survival
    MNC lower
  • Smolt Outmigration Timing
    MNC
  • Juvenile Length-Weight
    NSD
  • Agonistic-competitive behavior
    NSD
  • Predator Avoidance
    Wild fish significantly higher
  • Precocialism
    MNC

91
Domestication - Dominance
  • Determine if there are differences in dominance
    between offspring of wild and first generation
    hatchery upper Yakima basin spring chinook salmon
    under contest and scramble competition

92
Dominance Summary
  • Dominance rates were not significantly different
    between offspring of hatchery and wild fish, but
    wild fish were more aggressive
  • Types of agonistic behaviors used by offspring of
    hatchery and wild fish were similar

93
Interactions Indices Objective
  • Develop and monitor competition indices that will
    help to evaluate carrying capacity of current
    conditions and the influences of other species on
    the growth and survival of spring chinook salmon

94
Interactions Indices Summary
  • Competition indices are highest for SPC
  • Food competition index is significantly
    correlated with growth and survival
  • Space and microhabitat indices are not
    significantly correlated with growth and survival
  • Growth decreases with increasing abundance

95
NTTOCRisk Containment Monitoring
  • Objective
  • Conduct species interactions research and monitor
    non-target fish taxa (NTTOC) and their response
    to salmon supplementation
  • To Date
  • There have been no significant declines in NTTOC
    status (abundance, size, distribution) attributed
    to CESRF operations after 5 years of
    supplementation releases

Temple et al. 2004, BPA report DOE/BP 00013756-7
96
  • YKFP COHO REINTRODUCTION FEASIBILITY RESEARCH
  • 2003 COHO JUVENILE MIGRATION, ADULT
  • RADIO-TELEMETRY AND SPAWNING

97
Background
98
2003 Hatchery Coho Juvenile Acclimation Sites
Yakima Basin
Volitional Release, April 7, 2003 Easton
228,000 Holmes 118,000 Lost Creek,
185,000 Stiles 173,000 Total 704,000
Jack Cr.
Easton
Cle Elum
Holmes
Ellensburg
Lost Creek
Stiles Pond
Yakima
Toppenish
Kennewick
Sunnyside
99
2003 Survival Estimates
Neeley, 2003
Replicates contained 1250 Pit Tagged Coho
Smolts. Volitional Release began on April 7,
2003.
100
Survival Summary
  • Low Detection Rates, Ranged from 24 to 73 and
    as low as 15.
  • Site Comparisons
  • Naches River releases significantly exceeded
    Upper Yakima River releases p0.007.
  • Within the Naches River releases, Stiles
    acclimation site exceeded survival of Lost Creek
    releases.
  • Within the Upper Yakima River Holmes acclimation
    site exceeded survival of Easton releases
  • Stock Comparisons
  • In all possible stock interactions (Upper Yakima,
    Stiles, Lost Creek) Yakima vs. Willard, the
    Yakima Stock survival index was greater than that
    of the Willard stock, however, only at Lost Creek
    was it significant (p0.018).

101
Adult Returns
102
Yakima River Coho Salmon
1998 -2003 Average Returns3767
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Radio Tracking Objectives Radio tag
approximately 50 randomly collected adult
Coho at Prosser Dam, 10 at Cowiche Dam, 10
Bonneville, and 20 at Roza Determine spawning
distribution of returning Coho to the Yakima
River Test trapping and radio tagging adult
Coho at Cowiche and Roza Dams From radio
tracking, use redd distribution to locate areas
of wild rearing, perform summer snorkeling survey
to assess abundance and distribution.
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108
Yakima Coho Master Plan
  • Prepared by
  • Judith Woodward, Crossing Borders
  • Joel Hubble Yakama Nation
  • Contributors Include
  • John Easterbrooks, WDFW
  • David Fast, YN
  • Todd Newsome, YN
  • Todd Pearsons, WDFW

109
The Past The Future
  • Accomplishments Phase I (1999-2003)
  • Successfully began the reintroduction of Coho
    Salmon back into the Yakima River Basin.
  • 10 yr AVG (1529 adults)
  • Low of 0 in 1985
  • High of 6138 in 2000
  • Once again Producing Natural
  • Origin Smolts and adults
  • Identified spatial distribution
  • Began to understand interactions between
    salmonids, limiting or enhancing restoration
    efforts
  • Discovering problems associated
  • with re-evolution
  • Stamina
  • false attraction
  • lack of specific acclimation
  • Phase II
  • (2004-2010)
  • Formulate Master Plan
  • EDT will assist in optimizing tributary release
    numbers.
  • Introduce (Stream Seeding)
  • 3 year mobile acclimation sites in select
    tributaries done in conjunction with adult out
    plants and habitat improvements
  • Using pit tagged coho parr, monitor summer and
    over winter survival in tributaries, beaver dams
    and acclimation sites throughout the Yakima and
    Naches River Basins.
  • Out plant adult coho into select tributaries to
    monitor and evaluate coho life histories in
    historic tributaries.

110
2003 Yakima River Fall Chinook Juvenile
Migration Survival and Redd SurveysBy Melinda
DavisYakama Nation, Fish Biologist
111
Objectives
To supplement and enhance the two existing stocks
of Yakima River fall chinook, while
preserving the stock characteristics and fitness
of targeted stocks and keeping ecological and
genetic impacts to not-target species within
specified limits.
112
Fundamental Question?
  • Will supplementation work in the upper river
    under current environmental conditions?
  • A key uncertainty is the smolt-smolt survival in
    the upper river.
  • Where should we raise, and when should we release
    fish (short long term)?

113
Whats Happening at Present?
  • Redd Surveys
  • Accelerated/Conventional Rearing Treatments
  • BeachSeine

114
4,875
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2003 Redd Counts below Prosser
  • 10,251 Returning Adults
  • 61.5 Spawned above Prosser Dam
  • Yakima R. below Prosser- 794 Redds
  • 49.4 (392) Prosser to Chandler
  • 36 (286) Chandler to Benton
  • 0.50 (4) Benton to Horn Rapids
  • 14.1 (112) Horn Rapids to Van Giesen

117
2003 Redd Surveys above Prosser
  • 4,875 Fall Chinook Returning Adults
  • Yakima River- 1271 redds
  • 90.3 Granger to Donald brg (RM70-93)
  • 5.6 Donald brg to Wapato Dam
  • 3.1 Union Gap to Roza Dam
  • Naches River- 11 redds
  • Wapatox Dam to Cowiche Dam
  • Marion Drain- 86 redds
  • 35 Old Goldendale to Robbins Rd

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Rearing Treatments
  • Prosser Hatchery
  • 365,409 fall chinook smolts were produced from
    fish spawned at Prosser in 2002 and split into
    two groups.
  • 100,000 CONVENTIONAL-reared using conventional
    methods using ambient river temperature
    incubation and rearing profiles. All fish were
    LEFT VENTRIL fin clipped.
  • 165,000 ACCELERATED-incubated and reared using
    warmer well water to accelerate emergence and
    rearing and ultimately smoltification. All fish
    were RIGHT VENTRIL fin clipped.

120
Survival Indices at McNary
  • Prosser
  • 2,000 fish from each treatment group were PIT
    tagged
  • The ACCELERATED (released 5/1) group had a higher
    survival index (0.30) than the CONVENTIONAL
    (released 5/20) reared fish (0.09) (Neely 2004).

121
Survival Indices at McNary
  • Marion Drain
  • Survival was higher (0.25) than the Prosser
    reared Conventional (0.09) and not significantly
    different than Prosser Accelerated group (0.30).

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125
Summary
  • -Seining effort ran April 1st thur May 31st 2004
    for Van Giessen, Granger and Union Gap
  • -Average Forklengths (mm)

wkEnding VanG Granger UnionGap
10-Apr 50.6 39.8 No Fish
1-May 54.7 41.8 41.8
22-May 66 55.7 46.3
-of WFC PIT tagged above Prosser, -13.6 of
Granger PITS detected at Chandler, 2.4 at McNary
and 0.8 JohnDay 82 of these fish passed McNary
by May 31st. -of WFC PIT tagged below at Van
Giessen, -6.1 detected at McNary, 4.4 at
JohnDay and 1.1 at Bonneville 81 of these fish
passed McNary by May 31st.
126
Future Plans
  • Continue Redd surveys in 2004.
  • -Radio tag adults at the Denil for Radio Tracking
  • Summarize 1999-2004 Juvenile rearing treatments
    at Prosser, recommend preferred rearing
    treatment.
  • Continue beach seine efforts at Van Giessen,
    Granger and Union Gap
  • -PIT tag 4000 Prosser Hatchery Surrogates to
    release above Union Gap
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