Nanotechnology 5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005

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Nanotechnology5 lectures for CLE Spring 2005
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Dr Heidi Fearn Prof of Physics California State
University Fullerton hfearn_at_fullerton.edu Phone
[phone] http//chaos.fullerton.edu/heidi
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Nanotechnology LecturesSummary
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• Jan 24th No Lecture. MIT Profs DVD and
  handouts.
• Jan 31st Lecture 1 Feynmans 1959 talk from a
  2005 perspective. What nanotech we have now?
• Feb 7th Lecture 2 What does the future hold
  can we tell Science fact from fiction? ( pros
  and cons of our nanotech future.)
• Feb 14th Lecture 3 Details on Micro-machines,
  motors and mechanical parts and nano-circuits.
• Feb 28th Lecture 4 Details on man made cells and
  AI micro robotics from the biology perspective.
  Review and Conclusions.

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Further Lectures
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• Prof. Katherine Kantardjieff Dept of Chemistry
  and bio-chemistry March 7th and April 4th
  Lectures.
• Hopefully, outside speakers for March 14th ,
• March 21st and April 11th , from UCLA.
• See UCLA page http//www.cnsi.ucla.edu/mainpage
  .html

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Lecture 1. Feynmans 1959 TalkTheres Plenty of
Room at the bottom. Updated for
2005http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlA
ND what nanotechnology is available today?
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• What I want to talk about is the problem of
  manipulating and controlling things on a small
  scale.
• As soon as I mention this, people tell me
  about electric motors that are the size of a
  finger nail, and that there is a device on the
  market which can write the Lords prayer on the
  head of a pin. But thats nothing thats most
  primitive I want to discuss the staggeringly
  small world below.

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Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10pictures taken
from http//www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php
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Scale in Pictures. Powers of 10pictures taken
from http//www.powerof10.com/powers/poster.php
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The scale of things
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• 1 nanometer (nm) is approx the width of 10
  hydrogen atoms, 30 metal atoms or 1 sugar
  molecule.
• 1nm 1/1000 width of typical bacterium
• 1nm millionth the size of a pinhead
• Why cant I write the entire 24 vols of the
  Encylopedia Brittanica on a pin head?

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A pin head is 1/16 inch across
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• 1 inch approx. 2.45cm (this is a rough estimate)
• Magnify the pin head 25,000 times
• area of pin head is then equal to the area of
  all the pages of the Encylopedia Britannica.
• All you have to do is reduce the size of the
  writing by 25,000 times- thats all !
• Each dot on a page of the Encyclopedia has a
  diameter 1/120 inch roughly or 0.204mm.
  De-magnify 25,000 times gives us a diameter 8.2nm
  or about 30 atoms across in a typical metal
  (which they use for pins).
• So theres plenty of room to write Britannica on
  a pin head. No problem!!

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Thats the Encyclopedia Britannica on a pin
head, but lets consider all the books in the
world.
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• Library of congress has approx 9 million vols.
• British museum has 5 million or so
• National Library in France has 5 million also
• There are many duplications so lets guess at 24
  million vols. of interest in the world. (no pulp
  fiction please!)
• How much space would this take if I de-magnify by
  25,000 times?
• It would take 1 million pin heads of course!!
  INSTEAD OF 24 VOLS. WE HAVE 24 MILLION VOLS.
• 1 million pinheads can be put together to form a
  flat square 1000x1000 pinheads about 3906 sq
  inches or 36 pages of 12x9inch paper. (36 pages
  is a small magazine- all the vols. in the world
  could be written on it)
• Theres room at the bottom indeed. But is there
  plenty?

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Why write words when bits will do?
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• In the section on Information on a small scale
  Feynman calculates the number of bits of
  information there are in all the vols. in the
  world (assuming they are all as big as a vol. of
  Encyclopedia Britt.)
• Bits of information in total. 6
  or 7 bits per letter.
• Allow each bit 100 or 5x5x4 atoms. Using all the
  bulk volume of the material, not just the
  surface, then all information in all the vols. in
  the world can be stored in a cube of material
  1/200 inch wide. This is the size of a small
  grain of dust. Theres PLENTY of room at the
  bottom!!

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IBM scientists have had some fun manipulating
atoms and making pictures!Viewed with an
STM.http//www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/atomo.html
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Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.
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Foresight Foundation Offers 250,000 Feynman
Grand Prize for major advances in molecular
Nanotechnology.
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• http//www.foresight.org/
• Specifications of Prize
• Design, construct and demonstrate the performance
  of a robotic arm that fits inside a cube 100 nm
  wide. Should be able to manipulate single atoms.
• Design and demonstrate the performance of a
  computing device that fits inside a cube no
  larger than 50nm in any diameter. Must be able to
  add two 8-bit binary numbers.

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How do we Write small ?
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• We have no standard technique to do this
  Feynman guesses at some methods.
• that was then this is 2005! Scanning probe
  devices feel the surface!
• The AFM -atomic force microscope- moves
  individual atoms around using the tip of a sharp
  needle and dip-pin lithography. STM can also move
  atoms around.

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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
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How do we Read small writing?
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• Feynman How could we read it today?
• Paraphrasing The electron microscope is not
  quite good enough, it has a maximum resolution of
  about 1 nm but we would like to see more clearly
  than that- it would be best to have 100 times
  better resolution than that. The wavelength of
  electrons in such a microscope is about 5 pm
  (pm10 to -12 power in meters) so it should be
  possible to see individual atoms. this would aid
  biology and chemistry fields which could advance
  rapidly if they could only see the molecules
  and chains and how they attach to each other.
• In 2005, we have new improved devices, and we
  readily see individual atoms. STM scanning
  tunneling microscope.

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Scanning tunneling microscope STMhttp//www.iap.t
uwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.
htm
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Other methods of writing and reading small, and
new physics.
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• Photolithography using hard uv or x-rays (current
  microchip fabrication uses soft uv light)
• AFM (laser/cantilever and tip, dip-pen
  lithography) and STM (piezoelectric and tip kept
  a fixed distance away from sample- measure
  current, electron beam from tip)
• Soft lithography create elastic stamp to
  transfer nano-size features onto surfaces.
• Molecular beam epitaxy Spintronics - see
  circuits later
• Atom-by-atom manipulation (chemistry)
• And a partridge in a pair tree! Look em up
  online folks. Good grief Im not explaining
  everything!

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Some Problems in biology and chemistry now
answered!
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• Feynman asked what are the most pressing
  problems in biology today 1959?
• What are the base sequences in DNA?
• What happens when you have a mutation?
• How is the base order in the DNA connected to the
  order of the amino acids in the protein?
• What is the structure of the RNA is it a single
  chain or double chain and how does it relate to
  DNA?
• How are the proteins synthesized?
• Where do the RNA go? Where do the proteins sit?
  The amino acids?
• In photosynthesis, where does the chlorophyll go?
• What is the system for converting light into
  energy in plants?

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The human genome is now known.Atoms can be
viewed and moved individually.
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http//www.doegenomes.org/
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It is easy to answer some of these questions. You
just look at the thing!
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• In 1959, the microscopes where a bit too crude-
  not any more.
• Can physicists do something about chemistry
  namely explain synthesis? Is there a physical way
  to synthesize any chemical substance?
• Not in 1959, but now 2005 progress is being made
  in this area.

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A few nanometer milestones reachedsee book
Understanding nanotechnolgy
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• 1959 Feynmans talk- prospects for
  miniaturization investigated
• 1968 Alfred Cho and John Arthur of Bell labs
  invent molecular beam epitaxy, a technique to
  deposit single atomic layers on a surface
• 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer create the
  STM which can image single atoms. Nobel prize.
• 1985 Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard
  Smalley discover buckyballs which are about
• 1 nm in diameter

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More milestones reached see book Understanding
nanotechnolgy
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• 1986 K. Eric Drexler publishes Engines of
  Creation a futuristic book about nanotech
• 1989 Donald Eiger of IBM writes letters IBM
  using single atoms
• 1991 Sumio Iijima of NEC Japan discovers carbon
  nanotubes.
• 1993 Warren Robinett of Univ N Carolina and R.
  Stanley Williams of UCLA devise a virtual reality
  system connected to an STM that lets users see
  and touch atoms
• 1998 Delft Univ of Technolgy in Netherlands
  creates a transistor from a carbon nanotube

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and still more milestonessee book
Understanding nanotechnolgy
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• 1999 James Tour, now at Rice U. and Mark Reed of
  Yale demonstrate that single molecules can act as
  switches. (snap a wire then put molecule between
  STM like tips)
• 2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI,
  the National Nantotechnology Initiative- large
  funding now available for projects in nanotech.
• 2000 Eigler and other devise a quantum mirage-
  placing a magnetic atom at the focus of an
  elliptical ring of atoms creates an mirage atom
  at the other focus- transmitting info without
  wires?

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Magic of the ellipsehttp//ccins.camosun.bc.ca/j
britton/jbconics.htm
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Quantum Mirage phenomenon.http//domino.research.
ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.quantummirage.html
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Rapid Bootstrapping
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The Nanofactory

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• Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical
  fabrication units
• Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale
  products
• General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop
  format
• Extremely advanced products with compact
  functionality
• Produce its own weight in hours produce copies
  of itself

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Exponential Doubling

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Exponential Doubling

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Gray -Goo scenario ?Artificial life, nanobots
Borg??
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Wait for the next presentationon Future
prospects and the pros and cons of
nanotechnology.
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The End
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• See you on Feb 7th for Lecture 2
• What does the future hold?