What do we

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What do we understand from that picture ?
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UNIVERSE
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STARS

• Luminous globe of gas, mainly hydrogen and
  helium, which produces its own heat and light by
  nuclear reactions.
• Stars shine for a very long time - many
• and have been found to change in
• appearance at different stages in their
• lives.

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Varieties Seen Among Stars

• Stars have diverse characteristics like
• Color
• Temperature
• Brightness
• Mass

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Diversity in color
CONSTELLATION
COLOR
NAME OF THE STAR
An tares Betalgeuse
Reddish
Scorpio Orion
Areturus Aldebaran Pollux
Bootes Taurus Gemini
Orange
Yellowish
Sun Capella
Auriga
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Diversity in Color
CONSTELLATION
COLOR
NAME OF THE STAR
Sirius Vega Deneb
White
Canis Major Lyra Cygnus
Bluish White
Rigel Regulus
Orion Leo
Bluish
Archernar
Eridanus
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Diversity in masses radii
NAME OF THE STAR
DIAMETER
MASS
20 times massive then sun
500 Times of sun
Betalguese
Archernar
Denels
25 times of sun
60 Times of sun
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Diversity in brightness
Sirius gt Canopus gt Centaury gt Arcturus gt Vega gt
Capella gt Rigel
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Diversity in temperatures
Surface temperature
Color
Name of the star
3100 K
Red
Antares
3700 K
Orange
Aldebaran
6000 K
Yellowish
Sun
Sirius
10,000 K
White
Bluish White
18, 000 K
Regulus
Blue
Archernar
23,000 K
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Celestial Hemisphere
Celestial objects in this hemisphere change
their positions in following ways

• On any night , as the night progresses.
• On successive nights , even at the same time as
  year progresses over 12 months.

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Division of celestial sphere
Celestial north pole
Earth
Celestial Equator
Equator of Earth
Celestial south pole
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• Celestial Sphere -An imaginary sphere covering
  the sky with Earth at its center is called
  celestial sphere.
• Celestial Poles - Are North pole and south pole.
• Celestial Equator- An imaginary circle on the
  celestial geographic equator is called celestial
  equator.
• Ecliptic Circle- Sun appears to be moving
  against the background of stars along a circular
  path on celestial sphere is called ecliptic
  circle.

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• Ecliptic circle is divided into two Zones-
• Zodiacal signs-Sun slides from west to east day
  by day along ecliptic at 1degree per day .So it
  is divided into 12 equal zones of 30 degree each.
  These zones are called Zodiacal Signs.
• Nakshatra system- 360 degree of ecliptic divided
  into 27 parts each of 13 degree and 20 minutes
  which are called Nakshatra system.

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Difference Between Star And Planet
Star
Planet

• Stars Does not revolve around the sun.
• Stars emits light like sun

• Planets are the celestial bodies that revolve
  around sun.
• They do not emits light Like sun or stars.

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Moon Shows phases
Waxing Moon
Increasing phases from new moon to full moon
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Phases of moon in decreasing order from full
moon to new moon
Waning moon

• Different phases of moon are-
• No moon
• Full moon day
• Waxing moon
• Dark half /waning moon

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Constellations

• Group of stars seen from earth in a pattern. Such
  a group is called Constellation.
• For example- Ursa major,Ursa minor,orion ,mriga
  etc.

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Our Solar System
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Sun
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• Central body of our solar system
• Yellowish star with surface temperature 6000 K.
• Diameter is 13,92,000 km i.e 109 times of earth.
• Can accommodate 1.3 million of earth
• Sun also rotates around its own axis.
• Sunspots-Surface of sun shows dark spots which
  are called sunspots.

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Mercury (Budh)
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• First nearest planet to the sun.
• Also called evening and morning star.
• Takes approx 88 days to complete orbital
  revolution.
• In September and October as a morning star.
• In March and April as evening star.
• No atmosphere its surface is rocky and
  mountanious.

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Venus (Shukra)

• Second nearest planet.
• Brightest celestial body.
• Also known as morning and evening star.
• Shows phases like moon.
• Phase cycle is of 584 days.
• Retrograde rotation-Most of the planet rotates
  in their axis from west to east but Venus rotates
  from east to west.

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Earth (dharti)

• 3rd nearest planet to the sun.
• Only planet has life.
• Day night occurs when earth rotates around its
  own axis.
• Year is due to revolution around sun.
• Summer due to when earth tilted towards northern
  hemisphere.
• Winter is due to when earth tilted towards
  southern hemisphere.

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Mars (mangal)

• 4 th nearest planet to the sun.
• Also known as Red planet.
• Diameter is of ½ of earth and mass is 1/10 of
  earth.
• Water may also present on this planet.
• Surface has plain areas , rocky
  terrain,mountains,volcanoes ,deep valleys etc.
• Has two natural satellite
• named Phobos deimos

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Phobos
Deimos
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Jupiter (Brihaspati)

• 5th closest planet.
• Largest planet in solar system.(volume is 1400
  times of earth.
• Mainly consist of hydrogen and helium in gaseous
  form.
• Its cloud like outer region consist of methane in
  gaseous forms and ammonia in crystalline form.
• It shows a large ,reddish, oblong feature called
  Red spot.
• 4 large satellites called Galilean satellite

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Saturn

• Next largest planet in solar system.
• Volume is 850 times of earth.
• Satellite named Titan is bigger than moon.

Titan Satellite
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Uranus

• First discovered planet.
• Can be seen through telescope.
• Appears bluish green.

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Neptune

• First predicted planet before actually
  discovered.
• Neptune has large satellite Triton which is 2700
  km in diameter.
• Satellite goes round Neptune in a direction
  opposite to that planets called retrograde.

Triton
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Pluto

• Farthest and smallest planet in our solar system.
• Large satellite called Charon

Charon
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Asteroid-

• Large boulder like object which are failed to
  come together during formation of planet is
  called Asteroid.
• Asteroid belt is found between Mars and Jupiter.

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Comet

• Are inspiring objects when bright and near to
  the display large luminous tail.
• Comets are large icy rocks with ice mixed with
  some dust.
• Example of comet is-Halley comet which appears
  in 76 years

Halley comet
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Meteors , Meteorites

• Small in size , stone like object.
• Appears when enter into Earth atmosphere.
• When enters into atmosphere get heated due to
  fiction of air and get evaporated in short time.
• Path appears like streak in light in night sky.
• Meteorites- So large meteors whose part reaches
  to earth surface before get evaporated completely,

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Artificial Satellite

• Objects sent by men to orbit Earth.
• Satellite is a celestial body that revolves
  around another celestial body.
• Contain sophisticated instrumentation operated by
  solar power, generated via solar panels of
  satellite
• For example- Aryabhatt ,Bhaskar and Apple etc.

Aryabhatt satellite
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Purpose

• Tv transmission.
• Communication.
• Weather forecasting.
• Astronomical Research.
• Tele-conferencing Video conferencing.
• Educational programs in classrooms etc.

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