Sustainable Energy Presentation 3

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Sustainable Energy Presentation 3

• Homework I
• Homework I (last quarter answers)
• Latest UN Report on Climate Change
• Sources of air pollution
• Effects on health - Global warming
• Modeling the effects of CO2 emissions
• Long term effects of ocean currents
• Prediction accuracy
• Abatement strategies
• Current events in energy issues
• Student research Projects

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Homework I due Wed April 16

• I. An LNG tanker carries 145,000 cubic metres of
  LNG.
• How many pounds of LNG is that?
• How many Kilowatt hours of total energy does the
  tanker carry?
• Assuming a combined cycle Carnot efficiency of
  55, what of the cargo is used up in a trip
  from Sakhalin to Portland? Assume the ship uses
  200,000 kW power and travels at a speed of 20
  knots (1.852 kilometers/hr). The trip is about
  6,600 kilometers.
• How many months will the LNG supply Portlands
  electricity at an average of 9,000 Megawatts
  load? Use 55 Carnot efficiency

YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK, April 8 (Itar-Tass) - A
ceremony to award a name to a huge gas-carrying
tanker has been held at the Japanese port of
Chiba on the shore of Tokyo Bay on Tuesday. The
Grand Mereya tanker has been built to ship
Sakhalin-produced gas. The ocean-going vessel,
which is capable of carrying more than 145,000
cubic metres of liquefied natural gas (LNG) per
run, has been made at the shipyards of the Mitsui
Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. The giant
tanker has been named after Sakhalin's Mereya
River that flows in the area of Prigorodnoye
Township, where the construction of Russia's
first LNG production plant is nearing completion.
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II.Present Values

• (a) Say you bought 100 Euros in 2000 for 100 and
  sold them eight years later for 160. What is
  your rate of return?
• (b) Say you buy a barrel of oil in 1999 for 18
  and sold it eight years later for 110. What is
  your rate of return?

(c) What if you bought and sold the Barrel in
Euros?
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Q A from last yearI.(a)How many Kilowatts
does it take to pull a barge on the Erie
Canal?(see page 15)

• Canal boats were pulled by horses or mules and
  traveled at about four miles per hour. The boats
  floated in the water in the canal and the horses
  and mules walked beside the canal on a dirt
  towpath. Ropes were tied to the boat and to the
  horses or mules. The boat only went as fast as
  the horses and mules could walk.

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(b)With Sal and a Pal, How much energy
(equivalent Barrels of oil page53) is expended
in 15 Miles?

• I've got an old mule, her name is Sal,Fifteen
  miles on the Erie Canal.She's a good old worker
  and a good old pal,
• Fifteen miles on the Erie Canal

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I solution

• (a) with two horses, each with 1 kW, the power is
  2 kW.
• (b) In going 15 miles at 4 mi/hr they walk 3.75
  hrs. That will be 3.75x2kW7.5 kWhr 1kWh0.00062
  bbls oil equivalent. Bbls7.5x0.00062 0.00465
  Bbls

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II. How many Barrels of Oil equivalent (bbls)
does it take to fly a 747 from Shanghai to
Portland?

• The flight takes 15 hours,
• The power produced at cruising is 250,000 kW
• The Carnot Efficiency is about 40
• II Solution 250,000x15 3.75 x106 kWhrs
• In bbls oil 3.75x106/1,612 2,326 bbls
• With 40 efficiency 2,326/0.4 5,815 bbls

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III. What is the Carnot efficiency for the Honda
generator shown. (a) Assume it runs the full
tank out of fuel at rated load.(b) Assume it
runs the full tank out at ¼ rated load.
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III Solution

• One bbl 42 gallons.
• Energy in one bbl is 1,612 kWhr
• Energy per gallon is 1,612/4238.4 kWhr
• A full tank is 0.6 gallons 38.4 x 0.6 23 kWhr
  at 100 efficiency
• (a)At rated load of 900 watts in practice the
  generator puts out 3.8 hr x 900 watts 3.42
  kWhrs
• Efficiency of conversion 3.42/23 14.9
• (b)At ¼ load it delivers 225 watts for 8.3 hrs
• 8.3 x 0.225 1.87 kWhr 1.87/23 8.1

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Scientists Detail Climate Changes, Poles to
TropicsBRUSSELS, April 6 From the poles to the
tropics, the earths climate and ecosystems are
already being shaped by the atmospheric buildup
of greenhouse gases and face inevitable, possibly
profound, alteration, the worlds leading
scientific panel on climate change said Friday.
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http//www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-syr.htm
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Latest UN climate change report says the poorest
of the poor in the world will be worst
affectedBy Finfacts Team Apr 7, 2007, 1601

• Key findings of the report include
• 75-250 million people across Africa could face
  water shortages by 2020  
• Crop yields could increase by 20 in East and
  Southeast Asia, but decrease by up to 30 in
  Central and South Asia  
• Agriculture fed by rainfall could drop by 50 in
  some African countries by 2020  
• 20-30 of all plant and animal species at
  increased risk of extinction if temperatures rise
  between 1.5-2.5C 
• Glaciers and snow cover expected to decline,
  reducing water availability in countries supplied
  by melt water

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• WASHINGTON   The latest report on global warming
  approved Friday by a United Nations commission
  could provide more fuel to the roaring political
  fires in Washington, D.C., over how to address
  the looming threats attributed to climate change.
  By Greg Simmons, Fox News
• Govt has 'fobbed off' climate change report
• The Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) says
  the Federal Government has tried to fob off the
  latest United Nations climate change report.
• An inside look at the last few hours of tense
  negotiations at the Intergovernmental Panel on
  Climate Change reveals how the diplomats won at
  the end thanks to persistence and deadlines. But
  scientists quietly note that they have the last
  say.
• Diplomats from 115 countries and 52
  scientists hashed out the most comprehensive and
  gloomiest warning yet about the possible effects
  of global warming, from increased flooding,
  hunger, drought and diseases to the extinction of
  species.

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Pollution Time scales
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Air Quality Standards
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Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds
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  Using CCPsIn November, 2003, the American
Coal Ash Association released the CCP production
and use data for 2002. The overall CCP production
for 2002 is estimated at 128.7 million tons,
while the overall CCP utilization is estimated at
45.5 million tons. The CCPs are used in multiple
applications and related products

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Volatile Organic Compounds 2
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Air pollution and health
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U.S. Emission Standards
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Emission sources
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Co2 concentration increase
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Global temperature 1855-1999
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Green house effect
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Factors causing warming
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Factors causing warming
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Ocean and land temperatures
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Globl heat flow
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Mathematical Models
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Simulation of global warming
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CO2 emmissions
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the hockey stick
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Green house gasses
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So the dense ocean surface water in the North
Atlantic sinks slowly downward until it reaches a
level of equal density. If the water is more
dense (colder and/or saltier) then any other
water in the deep ocean, it will sink all the way
to the sea floor. Once the water reaches a level
of equal density, the water spreads out. In this
way, the deep ocean is broken into horizontal
layers, with each deeper layer having more dense
water in it. The water that sinks in the North
Atlantic flows all the way past the equator into
the Southern Hemisphere. The water then flows
past Antarctica and into the Pacific and Indian
Oceans. Here, some of the deep waters are warmed
and so rise again to the surface.
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Carbon Dioxide Circulates in Deep Ocean Currents

• Carbon dioxide is also transferred through the
  air-sea interface. Deep water of the ocean can
  store carbon dioxide for centuries. Carbon
  dioxide dissolves in cold water at high
  latitudes, and is subducted with the water. It
  stays in the deeper ocean for years to centuries
  before the water is mixed back to the surface and
  warmed by the sun. The warm water releases carbon
  dioxide back to the atmosphere. Thus the conveyor
  belt described below carries carbon dioxide into
  the deep ocean. Some (but not all, or even a
  large part) of this water comes to the surface in
  the tropical Pacific perhaps 1000 years later,
  releasing carbon dioxide stored for that period.
  The physical temperature of the ocean helps
  regulate the amount of carbon dioxide is released
  or absorbed into the water. Cold water can
  dissolve more carbon dioxide than warm water.
  Temperature of ocean is also impacted the
  biological pump. Penetrative solar radiation
  warms the ocean surface causing more carbon
  dioxide to be released into the atmosphere.
  Oceanic processes of air-sea gas fluxes effect
  biological production and consequentially
  impacting climate. But as plant growth increases,
  the water gets cloudy and prevents the solar
  radiation from penetrating beneath the ocean
  surface.

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Global warming
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Global emperatures
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MIT Predictions in Temperature and Ocean levels
(Glaciers are not included)
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Mount Hood Glaciers
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Hurricane Damage
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Hurricane winds
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Four Atlantic Hurricanes
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Model Sensitivities
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• Wilkins Sound and Wilkins Ice Shelf are both
  named after Sir George Hubert Wilkins
  (1888-1958), an Australian explorer, pilot,
  photographer, and geographer, who observed both
  while investigating the area in 1929.
• Wilkins Ice Shelf is about 80 miles in length and
  around 60 miles in width thus, an area of about
  4,800 square miles (1,240 square
  kilometers)about 208 times the area of Manhattan
  Island (New York City) in the United States and
  roughly the same size as the metropolitan city of
  Sydney, Australia.
• On February 28, 2008, an iceberg broke off from
  the shelf. It was about 40 square miles (100
  square kilometers) in area.
• Then, on March 25, 2008, another much larger
  chunk of it, about 160 square miles (400 square
  kilometers) in area (about 7 times the area of
  Manhattan), began to disintegrate.
• Scientists have observed that only a thin strip
  of ice between two islands is holding up the rest
  of the shelf. If this 3.7-mile (6-kilometer) wide
  beam breaks off, it will probably take the rest
  of the shelf with it.

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Probability
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CO2 Sequestration
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Options
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Capturing CO2
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Paying others to Conserve for you
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Changing Polution
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Market for SO2 permits
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Success of trading permits
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Current Headlines re Energy

• Gulf Tensions and Oil Prices
• Watching Gazprom Deregulating LNG Markets?
• Latin America switching to Own Financing with
  energy revenues

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Oil prices fall on easing tensions in Persian
Gulf Monday, April 09, 2007

• LONDON, April 9 (newratings.com) Oil prices
  fell across the world on Monday as tensions eased
  between Iran and the UK in the Persian Gulf
  region, after the return of 15 British soldiers
  by Iran.Iran, situated on the Straits of Hormuz,
  sees the passage of about a quarter of worlds
  oil supplies, and any conflict in this region
  would have affected global oil supply very
  adversely. Falling demand for heating oil and
  diesel in the US also helped push prices down.
  However, the price decline was limited by falling
  inventories of gasoline in the US, which fell for
  the eighth consecutive week to 205.2 million
  barrels in the week ended March 30, according to
  the US Department of Energy. US gasoline reserves
  stood at their lowest point in three months,
  after plunging five million barrels last week, as
  compared to a forecast of a decline of 300,000
  barrels.

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ABOARD THE USS JOHN C. STENNIS (AP) - American
warplanes screamed off two aircraft carriers
Tuesday as the U.S. Navy staged its largest show
of force in the Persian Gulf since the 2003
invasion of Iraq, launching a mammoth exercise
meant as a message to the Iranians. The
maneuvers with 15 warships and more than 100
aircraft were sure to heighten tensions with
Iran, which has frequently condemned the U.S.
military presence off its coast and is in a
faceoff with the West over its nuclear program
and its capture of a British naval team.

• U.S. offered to scare Iran during sailors
  dispute
• The United States offered to carry out aggressive
  air patrols over Irans Revolutionary Guards
  bases after Tehran detained the British navy crew
  last month.
• Citing unidentified diplomatic sources, The
  Guardian newspaper reported that Pentagon
  officials offered a series of military options to
  scare Iran during the sailors dispute, but
  Britain told them to stay out of the affair and
  tone down armed forces activity in the Persian
  Gulf.
• One of the U.S. options involved combat aircraft
  patrolling over Iranian bases to show the
  Iranians how serious the detention of the Britons
  was, the newspaper said.

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• Alcatel-Lucent completes project with Gazprom
  neft
• 05/04/2007 by Pallavi B
• Network solutions provider Alcatel-Lucent has
  announced a successful completion of the project
  with Gazprom neft, an oil company in Russia, for
  the transformation of its corporate network at
  its oil-processing factory in the city of Omsk.
  Through the implementation of this new network,
  Gazprom neft is focused on improving employee
  productivity and increasing the reliability of
  its communications capabilities.

Gazprom and Kogas signed protocol and program of
research and technology collaboration
06/04/2007April 5, 2007 Gazprom and Kogas
(Korea) signed protocol and program of research
and technology collaboration, the company
informed. The sides discussed the questions of
gas supplement to Korea and production of gas
chemistry and gas products in Russia with
following selling in Korea. Also the question of
training and personnel development, research and
technology collaboration. Nowadays Korean gas
market fully depends on liquefied natural gas
import
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Alexey Miller's theses Deregulation of Gas?

• Alexey Miller, Chairman, Gazprom Management
  Committee, stated that "Gazprom is proposing to
  abolish natural gas pricing regulation for
  industrial consumers starting from next year".
• "Our proposal is to use commodity trading
  mechanisms starting from 2006 in order to set
  prices for gas supplies to industrial consumers,
  and to keep regulated prices exclusively for the
  housing and communal services, state and local
  budget consumers and the population.
• Natural gas is currently the only primary
  resource which price regulation is based on
  historical indicators and is not set by the
  demand and supply levels. As a result, the gas
  industry has been a powerful financial donor for
  the entire economy, including profitable export
  oriented consumers supplied with cheap natural
  gas.
• Natural gas' share in Russia's energy balance has
  risen to 50, even to 80 in some regions, and
  there is a considerable decline in coal, heating
  oil and other fuel alternatives utilization.
  Therefore, there is a slowdown in the development
  of the corresponding industries on which our
  country's energy security also relies.
• The proposal to abolish gas pricing regulation
  may seem to be quite a radical step, but a shift
  to market relationships in the gas industry
  should not be equal to an uncontrollable gas
  prices increase. Gazprom has definitely a
  dominating position in the gas market, but the
  independent producers and alternative fuel
  suppliers, including coal and heating oil, will
  compete with us under equal economic conditions".

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Correa Says Ecuador Dollar Policy Complete
Failure' By Matthew Walter and Theresa Bradley

• April 2 (Bloomberg) -- Ecuador's decision to
  adopt the U.S. dollar has been a complete
  failure,'' hurting economic growth and exports,
  President Rafael Correa said.
• Ecuador adopted the dollar as its official
  currency in 2000, a year after defaulting on 6.5
  billion in debt. The move attracted investors,
  revived the banking system and helped slash
  inflation to 2.9 percent last year from 108
  percent in 2000.
• Use of the dollar is now hurting exporters,
  limiting job creation, crimping economic growth
  and only benefiting the financial and oil
  industries, Correa said in Guayaquil tonight,
  where he gave details about his economic plan.
• We've stabilized at price levels that are far
  too high,'' Correa said. The dollar has been a
  complete failure.''
• Evidence of Ecuador's weak economic growth is
  masked by high oil prices, Correa said. The
  country's non-oil trade deficit in 2006 was six
  times higher than in 2000, he said.
• Debt Payments
• Lackluster growth is also limiting tax collection
  and making it harder to repay the nation's debt,
  Correa said, adding the country spends more on
  debt payments than social programs. Ecuador will
  seek to reschedule debt payments to extend
  maturities, he said, without providing details.
• Correa said he won't repay debt that is found to
  be illegitimate,' including debt to the central
  bank and some debt with the World Bank.

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• The government's 10 percent dollar bonds due in
  2030, Ecuador's most-traded securities, fell 0.5
  cent to 88.5 cents on the dollar today. The
  yield, which moves inversely to the price,
  climbed to 11.42 percent. The bonds are up from a
  2 1/2-year low of 67 cents on Jan. 23.
• Patino made a 135 million bond payment on Feb.
  15, which will be the biggest payment of the
  year.
• Correa last month said Ecuador, South America's
  fifth- biggest oil exporter, will apply to rejoin
  the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries, in a bid to draw private investment to
  the country's oil fields and refineries.
• Correa's speech today came as he moves ahead with
  a political campaign designed to win support for
  a referendum later this month on whether the
  country should hold a national constituent
  assembly to draft a new constitution.
• The president is trying to strike a balance
  between attracting investment dollars to boost
  oil production and keep the economy growing, and
  implementing socialist policies designed to
  benefit the poor, Jorge Cherrez, president of
  Quito brokerage IB Corp said in a telephone
  interview.

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Brazil thinks that Bank of the South is
inconsistent

• "Rather than a Bank of the South, which is a
  relevant idea, Brazil advocates the creation of a
  South American financial system," said Marco
  Aurelio García, special advisor to Brazilian
  President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on
  International Affairs.
• Last weekend, in a meeting held in Caracas, the
  ministers of Economy of Venezuela, Argentina,
  Bolivia and Ecuador made headway with the talks
  and set  the goal of establishing the Bank of the
  South, with an initial capital of USD 7 billion,
  during the first half of 2007.
• Ecuador President Rafael Correa, on official
  visit to Brazil, stood up on behalf of the
  initiative, which he considered important to fund
  development plans without the need to rely on
  multilateral financial organizations.
• García told reporters that Ecuador had voiced its
  intention to call a meeting of South American
  ministers to discuss the blueprint and add
  "consistency."
• As for the South American financial system
  heralded by Brazil, García explained that it
  should cover "other issues, such as trade in
  domestic currency," instead of the US dollar.
  Argentina and Brazil could implement this project
  over the next months.

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No hegemony for Venezuela in Bank of the South

• Venezuela, the driving force of the Bank of the
  South with an initial principal of USD 7 billion,
  "will not take the hegemony of that institution.
  Nor will Ecuador allow for it," said Tuesday
  Ecuadorian Minister of Economy Ricardo Patiño,
  AFP quoted.
• "We will not have necessarily majority
  stockholders and will not permit any hegemony,"
  the official told TV channel Ecuavisa. He noted
  that the Bank of the South, composed also of
  Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, "will provide
  services for the development of infrastructure."
• "Venezuela will be just another partner," Patiño
  stressed.
• As for Ecuador's stake, the minister said, "We
  could place USD 80 or 100 million at the
  beginning and then increase that amount by means
  of accruing interests."
• Also, a portion of Ecuadorian international
  monetary reserves could be deposited, that is,
  USD 2.5 billion as of March 23rd.
• "The yield is not a big issue. Thus, we will be
  able to borrow ourselves," Patiño said, and
  advised that Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa
  will prompt his Brazilian counterpart Luiz Inácio
  Lula da Silva to join the initiative.
• Correa, who took over last January 15th, expects
  to visit Lula on Wednesday. Brazil is taking part
  as an observer in the talks aimed at
  consolidating the Bank of the South.
• The minister called "ludicrous" the claims of
  increasing dependency on Venezuela, as this
  country provides Ecuador with cooperation in the
  oil area and otherwise.

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Bank of the South Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina,
Bolivia and Paraguay ? Brazil
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Seven South American nations met in Rio de
Janeiro on October 8, 2007 to plan the beginning
of the Bank. It was announced that the Bank will
be headquartered in Caracas, Venezuela and would
begin operations on November 3, 2007 this was
later postponed to 5 December 2007,1 and then
to 9 December 2007,2 when it was finally
launched.3
Representatives from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela were
present at the meeting. All 12 South American
countries will be eligible to borrow from the
Bank.4 In a surprise move, Colombia formally
requested membership in the bank on 13 October
2007.5

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Sustainable EnergyProposed Countries Projects

• John Anasis Oregon Example Integrating Wind
  Solar into grid
• Vladimir Arevalo Central America Biodeisel
  production on rural farms
• Ngawang Choeda Bhutan Renewable Solar Energy
• Nola Gray U.S.-Argentina Investments in Energy
  sources
• Aaron Guillion Brazil Biodeisel for the globe
• Anita Ha Venezuela, Russia, China OPEC
  investment strategies
• Rodney Hendrickson Findland Nuke, Geothermal
  Wind
• Noda Huynh Brazil Sugar Cane
• Heffernan Alaska Rural Sustainable Energy
• Sean Larson Germany NationalPolicy on use of
  Solar Power
• Ming Shen China Sustainable energy for China
• Jim Valduga Wind Power around the world
• Parvathy C. R. International support of wind
  energy
• Sravanshi Gandham India China US Solar Energy
  development
• Krit Supradit Thailand Sugar Cane Biodeisel
• Rebeka Davidova U.S. Transportation technology
  Implementation
• Ethan Evans Hydropower and Pump Storage
• Steven Ware Kansas Coal vs environment