EARTH'S MOON: LUNA

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EARTH'S MOON LUNA
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Origin of the Moon

• Approx. 4.6 billion years ago Earth collided with
  an object the size of Mars. It is believed that
  Earth had a hard crust, but the inside was molten
  rock (still liquid). This collision caused a
  large mass of liquid rock to be thrown into
  space. It cooled and hardened into what we know
  as the moon. (THEORY NOT FACT)
• Since the moon has no atmosphere to protect it
  from debris floating in space, its surface is
  covered with impact craters

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50 miles
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LUNAR MOVEMENT

• revolves around Earth in an elliptical orbit that
  it completes in 27? days
• Since the orbit is elliptical, the moon is at
  times closest to Earth (perigee), and at other
  times farthest from Earth (apogee)
• The moon rises in the east and sets in the west,
  just like the sun (remember, this is caused by
  Earths rotation)

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Perigee 356,410 km
Apogee 406,700 km
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PHASES OF THE MOON

• beginning phases is called NEW MOON
• During this phase the moons surface is not
  visible
• The moons surface will then appear to become
  more visible each night until the FULL MOON phase
  
• During this time when the surface becomes more
  visible, the moon is said to be WAXING
• Once the full moon is reached, the moons surface
  will get less visible each night until the new
  moon phase is again reached
• During this time when the surface becomes less
  visible, the moon is said to be WANING

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PHASES

• Important, the moon gets lighter from right to
  left, and gets darker from LEFT TO RIGHT
• (think like the Karate Kidwax on, wane off)
• Go outside at night and practice determining if
  the moon is waxing or waning!
• The time it takes the moon to go from one new
  moon phase to the next new moon phase is called a
  lunar month. This takes 29½ days

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SUNLIGHT
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How much of the moon we see depends on where the
moon is in its orbit
Appearance
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Appearance
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Appearance
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Blue Moon
A blue moon is when there are 2 full moons in one
month. The moon isnt actually blue though!
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ECLIPSES
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Lunar and Solar Eclipses

• The Moon orbits the Earth, and travels with the
  Earth about the Sun. 
• Sometimes the Moon gets between the Earth and the
  Sun, causing solar eclipses, and sometimes the
  Moon goes into the Earth's shadow, causing lunar
  eclipses.

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• Solar Eclipses can occur only during the new
  moon phase
• Lunar eclipses can occur only during the full
  moon phase

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If Lunar eclipses happen in the full moon phase
and solar eclipses happen in the new moon phase,
why dont they happen every month???

• As the Moon orbits the Earth, its orbit is tilted
  slightly (about 5 degrees) from earths orbital
  plane (ecliptic)
• The moon crosses earths plane twice during its
  orbit.  If this crossing happens at the new moon
  phase, the Moon will be lined up with the Sun and
  pass in front of it.
• This alignment has to be perfect in order for the
  Moon to completely cover the Sun for a total
  solar eclipse (the sky will darken just like
  nighttime, and the stars will be visible) Total
  solar eclipses last about 7 minutes and occur in
  a very narrow range across Earth. Full moon
  phase total lunar eclipse if perfect.

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• Lunar eclipse this occurs when the moon passes
  through Earths shadow cast into space
• The moon is blocked from view
• This only happens in the FULL MOON PHASE!!!

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Total Lunar Eclipse 10/28/04
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Total Lunar Eclipse 5/04/04
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• Solar eclipse this occurs when the moon passes
  between the sun and Earth
• The moons shadow is cast onto Earths surface
• The sun is blocked from view
• This only happens in the NEW MOON PHASE!!!!

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Solar Eclipses Occur when moons orbit intersects
ecliptic during the new moon phase
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Solar Eclipses
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Partial SOLAR Eclipse 4/19/04
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Total Solar Eclipses only last about 7 minutes in
a very narrow range across Earth
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TIDES

• the rising and falling of the levels of water
  caused by the pull of the moons (and to some
  extent the suns) gravity
• On average, many locations receive two high and
  two low tides each day (approx. six hours apart)

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Daily Cycle of Tides

• Driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and
  Sun
• Affected by nearness of the moon more than the
  size of the Sun
• As earth rotates, the tides move around the Earth
  alternating between high and low tides
  approximately every 6 hours.

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• Spring tides are when the high tides are
  especially high, and the low tides are especially
  low
• This occurs during the new moon and full moon
  phases, because the pull of the moons and suns
  gravity are working together

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• Neap tides are when the high tides are not very
  high, and the low tides are not very low (small
  tidal range)
• this happens twice a month during the waxing
  quarter and waning quarter, because the suns
  gravity is working against the moons gravity

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Mont St. Michel Normandy France Founded 708-
Low Tide
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Mont St. Michel
Normandy France At High Tide DIFFERENCE IN
TIDES- CAN BE AS 42 FEET PLUS
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Low Tide and High Tide _at_ Hilton Head, SC
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BAY OF FUNDY
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A tidal bore is a wall of water that moves up
certain low-lying rivers due to an incoming tide.
Tidal bores form when an incoming tide rushes up
a river, developing a steep forward slope due to
resistance to the tide's advance by the river,
which is flowing in the opposite direction.
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High and Low Tides in Bay of Fundy
(SATELLITE IMAGES)
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REVIEW Spring Tides Neap Tides

• Tidal range Difference
• in height between high tide
• and low tide
• Spring Tides new and
• full moon phase greatest
• range
• Neap Tides 1st and 3rd
• Quarter phases smallest
• range

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TIDE ANIMATION
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The Apollo Missions 1961- 1972
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The Apollo Missions
1961- 1972 Apollo 1- Crew died in fire aboard
capsule During a preflight test for what was to
be the first manned Apollo mission, a fire
claimed thelives of three U.S. astronauts Gus
Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. After the
disaster, the mission was officially designated
Apollo 1.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 7- Apollo 7 was the only manned
Apollo mission launched on a Saturn 1-B rocket
and from pad 34 at the Kennedy Space Center.
Apollo 7 was the first manned test of the Command
and Service Module. The crew orbited the Earth
163 times and spent 10 days and 20 hours in space.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 8 was the first mission to take
humans to the Moon and back. An important prelude
to actually landing on the Moon was testing the
flight trajectory and operations for getting
there and back. Apollo 8 did this and achieved
many other firsts including the first manned
mission launched on the Saturn V, first manned
launch from NASA's new Moonport, first pictures
taken by humans of the Earth from deep space, and
first live TV coverage of the lunar surface.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 9- The Apollo 9 mission was the
first manned flight of all Apollo lunar hardware
in Earth orbit and first manned flight of the
lunar module. Lunar module pilot Russel L.
Schweickart performed a 37 minute EVA. Human
reactions to space and weightlessness were tested
in 152 orbits.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 The Apollo 10 mission was a complete
staging of the Apollo 11 mission without actually
landing on the Moon. The mission was the second
to orbit the Moon and the first to travel to the
Moon with the entire Apollo spacecraft
configuration. Astronauts Thomas Stafford and
Eugene Cernan descended inside the Lunar Module
to within 14 kilometers of the lunar surface
achieving the closest approach to the Moon before
Apollo 11 landed two months later.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to
land on the Moon. The first steps by humans on
another planetary body were taken by Neil
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969. The
astronauts also returned to Earth the first
samples from another planetary body. Apollo 11
achieved its primary mission - to perform a
manned lunar landing and return the mission
safely to Earth - and paved the way for the
Apollo lunar landing missions to follow.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 12, the second manned mission to
land on the Moon, was planned and executed as a
precision landing. The astronauts landed the
Lunar Module within walking distance of the
Surveyor III spacecraft which had landed on the
Moon in April of 1967. The astronauts brought
instruments from Surveyor III back to Earth to
examine the effects of long-term exposure to the
lunar environment.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 13 was to be the third mission to
land on the Moon. An explosion in one of the
oxygen tanks crippled the spacecraft during
flight and the crew were forced to orbit the Moon
and return to the Earth without landing.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 14 landed in the Fra Mauro region,
the intended landing site of the aborted Apollo
13 mission. The astronauts used the Modularized
Equipment Transporter (MET) to haul equipment
during two EVAs (later missions would use the
Lunar Roving Vehicle). They collected samples,
took photographs, and the nearby Cone crater. One
of the more famous moments came at the end of the
second EVA when Apollo 14 commander Alan Shepard
hit 2 golf balls on the Moon.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 15 was the fourth mission to land
men on the Moon. This mission was the first
flight of the Lunar Roving Vehicle which
astronauts used to explore the geology of the
Hadley Rille/Apennine region. The LRV allowed
Apollo 15, 16 and 17 astronauts to venture
further from the Lunar Module than in previous
missions. Total surface traverses increased from
hundreds of meters during earlier missions to
tens of kilometers during Apollo 15 and 16 and
just over 100 kilometers during Apollo 17.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 16 was the fifth mission to land men
on the moon and return them to Earth. It was also
the second flight of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
Apollo 16 landed in a highlands area, a region
not yet explored on the Moon. Astronauts
collected samples, took photographs and conducted
experiments that included the first use of an
ultraviolet camera/spectrograph on the Moon.
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The Apollo Missions 1961-
1972 Apollo 17 was the last Apollo mission to
land men on the Moon. It carried the only trained
geologist to walk on the lunar surface, lunar
module pilot Harrison Schmitt. Compared to
previous Apollo missions, Apollo 17 astronauts
traversed the greatest distance using the Lunar
Roving Vehicle and returned the greatest amount
of rock and soil samples. Eugene Cernan,
commander of Apollo 17, still holds the
distinction of being the last man to walk on the
Moon, as no humans have visited the Moon since
December 14, 1972.