The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution

• World History

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The Scientific Revolution

• These changes also affected what Europeans held
  as real and how they measured knowledge
• These new approaches would also affect religion,
  society, and politics

• The changes began in astronomy, then math,
  physics, and medicine

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Medieval Scientific Theory

• Believed in an universe governed by Gods will,
  not fundamental laws.

• Man and his planet are at the center of
  everything.

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The New Scientific Method

• Experiments to test theories.

• Observation, recording results, proving results
  through research.

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Nicholaus Copernicus, 1473-1543

• Devoted thirty years to astronomical observation
• Theorized a heliocentric universe (sun-centered)

Copernicus was a physician, economist, lay
minister, and an amateur astronomer
from Germany

• Feared condemnation so held off publishing until
  he was on his deathbed

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Copernicus is proven right

• Tycho Brahe (Danish astronomer) accumulated huge
  amounts of data from many years of observations.

• His assistant, Johannes Kepler (German), used his
  data to support Copernicuss theory.

Brahe
Kepler
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Brahe actually wanted to proveCopernicus wrong,
but Kepler usedBrahes research to prove him
right!
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Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)

• First to really use a telescope
• like Kepler, he helped prove Copernicuss theory
• Condemned to house arrest by papacy for heresy

It does move!!
Galileo studied medicine, natural philosophy
mathematics
From Italy
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• His discoveries spanned
• Physics (laws of motion and gravity)
• Math (invented calculus)
• Astronomy
• Philosophy
• Alchemy

Newton spent his later years studying theology
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Sir. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• If I have been able to see farther than others,
  it was because I stood on the shoulders of
  giants.
• Nature followed laws!.. laws of gravity, laws of
  motion.in 1687 he published - Mathematical
  Principles of Natural Philosophy

Newton was a member of Parliament and knighted by
the queen
from England
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The Three Laws of Motion, 1666

• An object in motion tends to stay in motion,
  while an object at rest tends to stay at rest,
  unless acted upon by an outside force
• When a force is applied to an object, it
  accelerates according to the equation a F/m
• (aacceleration,Fforce,mmass)
• to every action there exists an equal and
  opposite reaction

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Truth is not known at the beginning of
inquiry but at the end, after a long process of
investigation.
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Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

• French natural philosopher I think, therefore
  I am
• Discourse on Method (1637) argued that only
  logic and mathematics are certain
• Deductive Method Science begins in the mind with
  the hypothesis

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Scientific Revolution Summary

• Medieval early Renaissance Europe believed in a
  geocentric universe
• Copernicus and Galileos early challenges met
  with religious disapproval
• Descartes helps establish keys to the scientific
  methods
• By 1700, Newton and his peers began to enjoy a
  fully scientific culture