As we have this talk, more than 20 million cups of tea will be drunk in London TODAY

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As we have this talk, more than 20 million cups
of tea will be drunk in London TODAY
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CONTENTS

• WHO STARTED THIS TRADITION?
• BRITISH TRADITION
• TEA TYPES
• WAYS TO DRINK TEA

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1. Who started this tradition?

• Chinese Emperor Shen Nung
• Tang Dinasty ( 618 AD 906
  AD)
• By 1515 Jesuit priests brought the tea drinking
  habit back from China to Portugal.
• In the mid to late 1700s, England entered the
  trade tea via the East India Company.

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2. British tradition

• Afternoon tea (Anna, 7th Duchess of Bedford)
• Tea gardens and tea dances at the Vauxhall or
  Ranelagh Gardens
• Tea breaks tradition for workers
• High tea tradition for farming communities

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3. Types of teas

• Green tea Unfermented
• Black tea Controlled fermentation
• Oolong tea Mix
• White tea is steamed and dried almost
  immediately after harvesting
• Scented tea Jasmine and Magnolia

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4. WAYS TO DRINK TEAMilk, cream, lemon or plain
tea

• There is probably more debate as to whether the
  addition of milk, cream, lemon or plain tea makes
  the best cup of tea, than there is on any other
  food subject in England

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Conclusion

• Tea has been a popular drink in the world dating
  back 4500 years, gaining popularity in England
  about two hundred years ago.
• This is an important tradition in England, now an
  established part of their culture.
• There are many choices of tea types and ways to
  drink your tea, but the most important thing is
  to participate in this extremely important social
  event!
• References
• Smith Michael, 1986. The Afternoon Tea Book.
  Alteheum. New York. NY.
• Israel Andrea, 1987.Taking Tea. Grove Press. New
  York. NY.

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TURFGRASS IDENTIFICATION

• The thousands of grass species found around
  the world are identified primarily on floral
  structures. However, the constantly mowing of
  turfgrass does not allow it to produce floral
  structures. As a result, the use of other plant
  structures is necessary for correct
  identification.

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CONTENT

• Turfgrass structures
• Turfgrass identification activity
• Some turfgrasses used in British golf courses

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VERNATION

• Several vegetative features are used to
  identify turfgrass species. First, vernation
  refers to the arrangement of young leaves in the
  bud shoot. The vernation is either folded or
  rolled.

www.turf.uiuc.edu/
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LIGULE

• The ligule is visible on the upper side of the
  leaf and may be membranous, fringe of hair or
  absent.

• www.uoguelph.ca/GTI/images/liglen.gif, 2005

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COLLARS

• The collar is the growing area or band that
  divides the sheath and leaf blade. It is most
  visible on the backside of the leaf

www.turf.uiuc.edu/
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AURICLES

• Structure that grows from the edge of the collar
  and may wrap around the stem

www.turf.uiuc.edu/
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LEAF BLADE

• The shape of the tip can take on several forms
  across the range of species of turfgrasses.

www.turf.uiuc.edu/
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2. Turfgrass identification activity

• TURFGRASS IDENTIFICATION ACTIVITY
• ____________________
• Vernation
• Ligule
• Auricle
• Collar
• Leaf Blade
• Growth Habit

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3. Some turfgrasses used in British golf courses
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CREEPING BENTGRASS(Agrostis palustris)
aggie-turf.tamu.edu/.../ grasses/crbent.htm,2005
Providence is now established as the best selling
creeping bent in the UK and is the choice for
many tournament play courses across Europe.
(Britishseedhouses.com, 2005)

• Vernation rolled
• Ligule membranous
• Auricle absent
• Collar narrow
• Leaf Blade tip pointed
• Growth Habit Stolons

SR1119 comes from the same germplasm as
Providence and has been bred for its dark green
color and exceptional disease resistance.
(Britishseedhouses.com, 2005)
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CHEWING FESCUE (Festuca rubra ssp. Fallax)

• Vernation folded
• Ligule membranous very small
• Auricle absent
• Leaf Blade very fine leaf texture
• Growth habit bunch
• Olivia, raisa, and frida (Chewingfescue) are
  used in the UK. (Britishseedhouses.com, 2005)
  

ss.ngri.affrc.go.jp/ disease/IMG/img0380.jpg, 2005
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STRONG CREEPING RED FESCUE ( Festuca rubra L.)

• Vernation folded
• Ligule membranous very small
• Auricle absent
• Leaf Blade very fine leaf texture
• Growth habit rhizomes
• CAMILLA. A strong Creeping Red
  Fescue offering improved visual merit and
  excellent disease resistance. (Britishseedhouses.c
  om, 2005)

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PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (Lolium perenne)

• Vernation folded
• Ligule short membranous
• Auricle small
• Leaf Blade shiny backside to blade, has
  pointed tip
• Growth habit bunch
• ABERELF The first UK bred amenity Perennial
  Ryegrass. ABERELF is a dual purpose variety and
  performs well in both wear and close mown
  situations.
• ABERIMP The second UK bred amenity Perennial
  Ryegrass. Performs well under wear condition and
  cleanness of cut, making this an excellent choice
  for turf growers. (Britishseedhouses.com, 2005)

aggie-turf.tamu.edu/.../ grasses/perrye.htm, 2005
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KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS(Poa pratensis L.)

• Vernation folded
• Ligule very short
• Auricle absent
• Collar broad
• Leaf Blade boat shaped tip
• Growth Habit Rhizomes

aggie-turf.tamu.edu/.../ grasses/kblue.htm, 2005
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Conclusion

• Generally grasses are identified by its floral
  structure, but the action of mowing the
  turfgrasses makes this unrealistic because the
  floral structure never has a chance to develop.
  Instead, different structures of the plant, such
  as the ligule, auricle, collar, vernation, leaf
  blade and growth habit are used to determine the
  grass type.
• Accurate identification is necessary for proper
  turfgrass management.
• References
• Christians, Nick.1998. Fundaments of Turfgrass
  Managements. John Wiley son, Inc.Hoboken,NewJers
  ey.
• Beard, James. 1973. Turfgrass Science and
  Culture. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliff, NJ.
• University of Illinois website, 2005.
  www.turf.uiuc.edu.
• University of Guelph website, 2005.
  www.uoguelph.ca/GTI/images/liglen.gif.
• British seed house company website, 2005.
  www.Britishseedhouses.com