Europe

1
Europe

• Europe NOT a physical region but an intensely
  cultural construct
• Culturally historically most complex region on
  planet
• Long-run importance to history of planet second
  only to SW Asia/N Africa
• Christianity took strongest roots here. Three
  forms of Christianity diffused out from Europe
  most successfully
• Origin point for Catholicism, Protestantism,
  Agricultural, Industrial Scientific
  Revolutions, modern state system, global warfare,
  Capitalist World-System
• First Post-Modern Society? Aggressively
  multi-cultural, unwilling to wage war after a
  LONG history of worlds most destructive wars,
  collapsing fertility, exceptional educational
  levels, strongly Social Democratic

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Fig. 8.1 Europe is NOT a physical region!

• Europe a peninsula of peninsulas. Until 1430s
  on far western edge of Eurasia
• Mediterranean united Roman Empire but later
  divided Islam from Christian Europe
• Physical boundaries to east make no sense at all
  (can sort of use Ural Mountains as climatic
  divide between European Russia central Siberia)

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Fig. 8.3 Europe ought to be COLD

• Europe WELL to north, even its relatively warm
  Mediterranean regions
• Much of W Europe (Belgium, France, Germany,
  Holland, Scandinavia, UK etc) as far N as S
  Canada (London N of Calgary, Alberta)
• Latitudinal theory of climate promoted by ancient
  Greeks doesnt work

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Fig. 8.7 Europes climates are mild, west coast
variety

• Europe has three main climatic zones
• (1) Mediterranean (Csb)
• (2) Marine West Coast (kept very warm for
  latitude by Gulfstream/N Atlantic Drift
  (NAD)--water air masses warmed in Gulf of
  Mexico) (Cfb)
• (3) Humid Continental (no climatic boundary to
  east as this region goes past Ural Mts) (Dfa/b)
• For comparison, Texas Cfa/Bsk! Central Spain
  small area Bs

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Fig. 8.10 Europe takes environmental problems
VERY seriously--hence support for Kyoto

• Long-term threat of global warming taken very
  seriously in low-lying Holland, S UK
• Shift S of NAD (as occurred in Little Ice Age)
  could cause serious cooling in N. EU
• Serious pollution of both rivers and coastal
  waters from industry, human waste
• Historical air quality problems caused by soft
  coal burning (until recently worst human caused
  environmental disaster on planet--3,000 excess
  deaths in London alone in 1952)
• Serious problems w/acid rain from industry/autos

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Such large EU cities as London can flood easily.
Current solution Thames Barrier
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The Thames Barrier
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Maeslantkering Barrier, Rotterdam
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The Thames near the sea. Low tide on a drowned
lowland coast. Large cargo ship on river,
recreation, and danger
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(Just for fun)--my candidate for best pub on the
planet! Previous slide is view from pub.
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Fig. 8.14 Population of Europe
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Population

• Two axes of (urban) population concentration, one
  megalopolis
• Po Valley thru Paris Basin to London
• S Poland thru Prague, Ruhr Valley, Holland to
  London
• European megalopolis (London/Paris/Bonn)
• Emerging megalopolitan region(s)? Unlikely given
  strong concentration of information economy
  growth in west
• Legacy of early industrialization/EU now
  deindustrializing
• Relatively high rural concentrations for cultural
  reasons (strong preference for rural life in
  pleasant villages)

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How can you resist a village called Beer?
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Fertility, fertility, fertility!!!

• First world region to see TFRs drop to or below 2
  everywhere (in 3rd edn. 1 country in S EU had TFR
  of 2.1, 2 in N EU ere at 2 no country in W or E
  EU reached 2)
• TFRs still declining. In 4th edn. all countries
  except France Iceland below 2--France rose very
  slightly from 1.9 to 2. Iceland (tiny pop.) 2.1
• Of most populous states (35 million up--France,
  Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK) only France at
  2 and UK at 1.8 above 1.4
• Note that France UK have large Islamic
  immigrant populations
• EUs population ageing rapidly with resultant
  impacts on health and social services. All EU
  countries are social democracies where such
  services are expected
• Low TFRs mean EU has worlds highest educational
  levels, relative equality for females
• Without continued immigration EU will start to
  depopulate in mid-21st Century

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Table 8.1, 3rd edn. Western Eastern Europe
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Table 8.1, 3rd edn. Southern Northern Europe
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Table 8.1, 4th edn. Population indicators
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Table 8.1 Population Indicators

• Historically low growth population (BD to c.
  1650). Late marriage norm, plus high never
  married. TFRs jumped with IR, turned down again
  c. 1900
• No clear link to religion except via Islamic
  migration-- heavily Catholic Austria has TFR of
  1.4. Nominally Catholic but anti-clerical France
  2, Protestant Netherlands 1.7, UK 1.8. Note last
  3 have large Islamic immigrant populations
• VERY Catholic Poland 1.3 (not noted as
  anti-clerical and last Pope Polish).
  Catholic--but very anti-clerical--Spain has TFR
  of 1.4
• Catholic Ireland (one of least anti-clerical
  states in all Europe) manages TFR of 1.9, all
  rest of N Europe except tiny Iceland at 2.1 well
  below that
• Lower incomes in East means much migration west
  of most productive groups in population

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Fig. 8.15 Migration into EU
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Migration, migration, migration!!!

• Shortage of males in much of Europe in post WWII
  reconstruction period encouraged massive
  immigration from former colonies to France,
  Netherlands, UK, began guest worker program in
  Germany (which lacked colonies)
• West Germany shut off by Cold War from
  traditional rural/urban migration from eastern
  provinces of Germany. Turned even more to
  gastarbeiter, most from (Islamic) Turkey
• European guilt over its warlike past esp.
  Holocaust produced worlds most generous refugee
  policies
• Reunification of Germany producing massive
  strains on German economy, migration
• Internal migration to job opportunities, such as
  Poles to UK. Uneven because migration rules vary
  across EU

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Fig. 8.24 Religions of Europe
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Emperor Constantine
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Baelo Claudia
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Baelo Claudia
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Religion

• Three versions of Christianity--Orthodox, Roman
  Catholic, Protestant. Muslims in Balkans. Large
  Muslim minorities in cities
• Europe hearth of Roman Catholicism (802AD E/W
  schism from Orthodox Church at formation of Holy
  Roman Empire)
• Europe hearth of Protestantism (technically
  Martin Luther, 1517 AD, posting 95 theses
  practically John Calvin, 1533 AD conversion to
  Protestantism). Calvinism took strongest hold in
  Holland (in opposition to Spain Inquisition),
  Scotland (John Knox), England (Cromwell Civil
  War), New England (Calvinist Saints).
• Luther wanted a return to primitive simplicity
  (but encouraged religious nationalism) Calvin
  embraced capitalism, encouraged trade
  production, opposed abuses of exploitation
  self-indulgence (but wanted a theocracy)
• Useful reading Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic
  the Spirit of Capitalism (1904/5) Rodney Stark,
  The Rise of Christianity and One True God

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Fig. 8.22 Language Map of EU
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Languages

• Historically Europe has had common elite language
  culture (Latin Christianity) but many
  regional languages cultures
• Local languages emerged early but were not
  formalized until quite late. What we now call
  English developed when Chaucer privileged one
  dialect (that of London) in written form.
  Shakespeare popularized this thru the theater.
  Parisian French was imposed on France by
  Revolution, Napoleon
• By mid-1800s language nationalism was endemic
• Return of language nationalism in modern
  formation of nations within EU (Gaelic, Irish,
  Welsh, Breton, Basque, Frisan, Flemish etc.)

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Languages of France in 1789
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Nationalism ( Congress of Vienna) bring
stability after 1815--but Pax Britannica
German Question critical

• French defeat in Napoleonic Wars leads to rapid
  emulation of Britain throughout
  Europe--industrial (IR) democratic revolutions,
  general acceptance of Manchester Liberalism (Free
  Trade)--Liberal World Order
• Prussia modernizes, begins to merge state,
  industry, and science
• 1830 Revolutions create constitutional monarchies
• Technological change--cheap printed materials,
  telegraph, RRs, plus potato crop failure lead to
  1848 Socialist Revolutions everywhere but
  Britain. Disaster in Ireland
• Backlash against 1848 in German states, massive
  outmigration to US from Germany (of liberals),
  Ireland (of starving)
• Relative stability restored as IR sweeps thru
  Europe wealth increases
• Unification of Italy (1861) Germany (1871)
  bring powerful new states into being which do not
  accept British leadership
• 1861 American Protectionist tariff destabilizes
  Liberal world order
• Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm rejects Bismarcks
  careful balancing of European powers, challenges
  Britain directly, US indirectly. 1877 tariff,
  1884 Berlin Conference, 1897 Naval Appropriations
  Act--stage set for disaster

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Flight of the Imperial Eagle- I cant hold both
for long Simplicissimus 1898
31
Lethal territorial instability of Europe in early
1900s

• Rise of Germany, weakening of Britain, compounded
  by collapse of Ottoman Empire in 1911
• Most internal territorial changes before 1910
  caused by unifications of Italy and of Germany
  and by expansion of Germany against Denmark,
  Austria, and France in series of wars
• Main European territorial changes are, however,
  gains and losses of Imperial possessions. Spain
  the BIG loser--to USA in the Crisis of 1896.
  Spain plunged into series of crises (Civil War,
  dictatorship) not resolved until enters EU
• Only real solution to Imperial problems
  decolonization, which occurs after 1945 under
  pressure from US USSR

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Fig. 8.30 Central Europe 1914

• All but one of great Empires of 19th C still
  intact
• Ottoman Empire has JUST dematerialized, altering
  geographic pattern west of Black Sea. (Yet)
  another Balkan Crisis brewing
• Austro-Hungarian Empire about to collapse
• World War One in part about how to divide spoils
  from those break-ups, in part about how Germans
  can control Slavs
• Germany (fatally) chooses to fight a two front war

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Fig. 8.30 Central Europe 1919

• Austro-Hungarian Empire follows Ottoman Empire
  into disintegration, destabilizing region from
  Black Sea to Med
• Treaty of Versailles (6/28/19) about spoils from
  these break-ups. New states formed to east
• Reduction in size of former Russian Empire.
  Creation of Poland, Baltic states. Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk (3/3/18) disastrous for Russia
• Slight loss of German territory (Germany
  surrenders but her military not really defeated)
• Italians gain a little on Adriatic

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Fig. 8.30 Central Europe 1945

• Germans pay huge territorial price for defeat in
  WWII. All East Prussia, Danzig corridor lost
• Russia gains back most territory she lost at
  Brest-Litovsk, plus sharply increases influence
  over former Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman states
• Italy loses some of WWI gains
• Some sense of order restored in Balkans
  (Yugoslavia

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The Changing Map of Europe 1924, 1989, 2000 (KM
9.1)
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European Territorial Changes, 1914-200

• Compared to 1914 map of 1924 shows Britain has
  had to recognize an independent Ireland and
  France has gained the Saar from Germany
• By 2000 loss of Cold War results in even more
  Russian loss of territory than under Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk, plus huge loss of influence in
  former client states to west
• Fragmentation of some East Bloc states (peaceful
  in Czechoslovakia, not so peaceful in
  Yugoslavia--yet ANOTHER Balkan crisis)
• Continued breakdown of former Yugoslavia with
  boundary alterations not yet clear

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Attempts to Reintegrate Europe

• Origins of EU in (a) integration of French
  German economies in WWII
• (b) Coal Steel community (UK could no longer
  provide coal for France, only Germany). Winter
  1947 crucial
• EU as Americas Cold War bulwark against the USSR
• EU as a way for Europeans to get American support
  against USSR but also as resisting complete
  Americanization
• EU as Germanys WWI aim of Mitteleuropa
• EU as a Confederation (British goal), not a
  Federation (French/German goal)
• EU as worlds second most prosperous region

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Fig. 8.38 The European Union
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Europes current geopolitical problems

• NATO--formed to keep the Soviets out, the
  Germans down, and the Americans in. Turkey a
  long-term member to contain USSR. Now expanded to
  former East Bloc!
• Refugees from within what is historically seen as
  Europe, but is not part of EU, especially
  Balkans, causing strain
• Separatist movements successful in Britain,
  relatively so in Spain (Basques), minor in
  France, N. Italy
• Britain has chosen devolution (within EU
  framework)--of Scotland, Wales, Ireland
  (complex), London (given elected Mayor for
  first time)

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Fig. 8.29 Geopolitical Issues in Europe
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Emergence of a European-based World-System
42
Diffusion of Industrialization in Europe

• Worlds first textile mill, Cromford
  1771-eotechnic-needs hilly regions
• UK shifts to steam power after 1815-needs
  coalfield or canal location
• Victory in Napoleonic Wars encourages diffusion
  of UK technology to Belgium, France, Germany (
  US) by 1870, most of rest of Europe by 1914

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Cromford, Derbyshire. First Eotechnic mill, 1771
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Shock City Manchester, England

• The face of the country has been completely
  changed by the Industrial Revolution. What was
  once an obscure, poorly cultivated bog S
  Lancashire is now a thickly-populated industrial
  area F. Engels, The Condition of the Working
  Class in England in 1844.
• Huge new cities emerged out of nowhere, most on
  coalfields.
• Eotechnic (Darwin) versus Paleotechnic (Blake)
  phases of Industrial Rev

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Eotechnic vs. Paleotechnic production

• Erasmus Darwins great poem, The Botanic Garden,
  paints an idyllic picture of Arkwrights mill at
  Cromford
• So now, where Derwent rolls his dusky floods
  Through vaulted mountains, and a night of
  woods The Nymph, GOSSYPIA, treads the
  velvet sod, And warms with rosy
  smiles the watery God
• William Blakes great poem, The New Jerusalem,
  paints a famously unpleasant picture of
  Paleotechnic mills
• And was Jerusalem builded here
  Among these dark
  Satanic mills?
• Engels work defined the impact of dark Satanic
  mills

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Manchester- a cleaned up dark, satanic mill
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The Textiles First Model

• Textiles historically leading sector in Europe
  European style economies. Use
• local raw materials (flax, wool, silk) local
  under-employed labor (females--e.g. in spinning)
• Cotton layered in in 1700s. Had to be imported to
  Europe, tho not US. Replaced silk, flax except in
  specialist uses
• Innovation of factory system. Arkwright, 1771,
  Cromford. Cf proto-industrialization factory gave
  oversight principle, allowed use of inanimate
  power sources--first falling water, later steam
  engine
• UK one end of the first truly global system. The
  other was

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Slave/Sharecropper cabin, Brazos Co., TX
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Europes Stages of Economic Development

• Developmentalism elevated Europes historical
  experience of development to a model for global
  development, still in vogue in business schools,
  among neocon economists, and at World Bank/IMF
• Developmentalism worked well in US Japan
• Why has model failed in rest of world (esp. Latin
  America, Africa)?
• (a) Marx no Feudal stage of economic
  development (which Japan had)
• (b) Weber no Protestant ethic (thrift,
  accumulation, lack of excess consumption)

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Developmentalism Stages of Economic Development
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Deindustrialization

• Britain first to industrialize, first to
  deindustrialize. Textiles First model
  continues to hold
• Textiles ceased to be leading sector UK economy
  by 1870s
• Cotton textile economy slumped in UK post WWI and
  never recovered. Vanished in post WWII boom
• Other Paleotechnic industries have followed suit
• Emergence of Neotechnic economy in early 1900s
• Neotechnic now challenged by Infotechnic

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Change in Manufacturing Employment in Europe
1960-1990
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Emergence of an EU Information Economy

• Although US first into this UK close behind,
  especially London
• Historic roots of Infotechnic in banking,
  insurance, advertising, movies, radio, popular
  music. All present by early 1920s. Accelerated
  immediately before/after WWII by radar, TV,
  mainframe computing. See Hugill, Global
  Communications since 1844
• Recent acceleration comes from personal
  computing, software development, electronic
  gaming, digital reality creation, expansion of
  stock market, cell phones. EU, esp UK, well
  positioned in all but PC manufacture

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World Cities as measured by Clusters of
Advertising HQs
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Post Infotechnic?

• EU position in biotechnology currently stronger
  than that of US
• Equality, if not actual leadership, in cloning of
  animals (tho TAMU doing well at present)
• No EU limits to stem cell research (restricted in
  US on ideological grounds)

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Spatial Integration of EU economy

• EU densely populated. Major population centers
  too close together for mass air travel city to
  city
• Most EU major cities have excellent transport
  within city (subways, streetcars, busses)
• Policy decisions are opposed to continued
  expansion of auto use in cities (e.g. Londons 5
  per day charge)
• High-Speed rail links city-center to city-center
  across EU, thus city transport system to city
  transport system. Critical to full integration of
  EUs economy

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High Speed Rail in Europe
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British High-Speed Trains (Virgin)
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EU foreign trade
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Table 8.2, 3rd edn. Economy, Western Eastern
Europe
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Table 8.2, 3rd edn. Economy, Southern Northern
Europe
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Table 8.2 Development Indicators
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Table 8.2 Economy

• Western Europe pretty uniformly wealthy--most
  states above 30K per capita PPP--on par w/Japan,
  Canada etc--of major states only USA higher,
  German PPP dragged down by reintegration of
  East--should be much higher
• Eastern Europe variable Czech Republic, Hungary,
  Slovakia OK. Poland a bit low--hence substantial
  out-migration to UK at present. Bulgaria
  Romania are restricted from migration to west
• PPP very variable in Southern Northern Europe,
  but Norway as rich as US, Ireland now richer than
  UK
• Problems are with former Soviet states in Balkan
  S, Baltic N
• Summary
• 2006 EU 27 had GDP of 15.6 trillion for
  population of 493 million, 2007 US 13.5 trillion
  for 305 million
• Comparing EU w/NAFTA would make more sense. 2008
  NAFTA had GDP of some 15.9 trillion for
  population of 445 million

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Table 8.3, 3rd edn. Social Indicators, Western
Eastern Europe
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Table 8.3, 3rd edn. Social Indicators, Southern
Northern Europe
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Social Indicators

• Life expectancies generally among highest on
  planet
• E EU still has way to go to compensate for being
  former Soviet client states
• Illiteracy rates almost non-existent outside
  Balkans, tho see Portugal, Malta, Spain
• Gender equity normal everywhere