Title: How to Build a Knowledge Economy and How to Know When You Have One
1How to Build a Knowledge Economy and How to Know
When You Have One
- John Dryden
- Deputy Director
- Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry,
OECD - MEASURING AND FOSTERING THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETIES
- Second OECD World Forum on "Statistics, Knowledge
and Policy" - Istanbul, Turkey, 27-30 June 2007
2What is a Knowledge Economy?
- Related concepts
- The New Economy
- The Information Economy (bio-economy, etc.,)
- The Service Economy
- The Innovation Economy
- The Knowledge-based Economy
3Characteristics of a Knowledge Economy
- High value-added goods and services mainly
because of the knowledge content of their
factor inputs - Performance of RD
- High educational standards, human resources in
ST, workforce skills - Strong innovation performance, innovations
successful in the market - Intensive and broad use of generic technologies,
esp. ICTs - Strong high-tech sectors, intensive use of
knowledge-intensive services - Value chains highly globalised
- Investment in knowledge now about the same as
that in fixed capital (8pc of GDP)
4How to Build One?
- Copy the Lisbon Agenda?
- Research and Development inputs, outputs and
outcomes - Human Resources education, skills, mobility
- Innovation and linkages between the actors
open innovation - Encourage (production and) use of generic
technologies - Framework conditions open markets, absorptive
capacity attention to the demand side - Open-ness and globalisation knowledge flows and
the global enterprise
5How to Know When Youve Got One?
- Hard to measure, as the concept isnt tightly
defined. - Its the results in terms of growth, incomes,
productivity and employment and other measures
of well-being that take account of social and
environmental wealth that count - Measures of international competitiveness
- Doubts about utility of composite knowledge
economy index - Need to take account of scope (intl, natl,
regional, local) and aggregation (whole economy,
sector, firm) - Need data and analytical toolkit to develop
battery of indicators in main issue areas
6The OECDSTI Scoreboard
- Published every other year,in print and online
- Over 200 internationally comparable indicators
- Free access on-line edition with Statlinks
direct URL links to underlying Excel sheets used
in the graphs.
STI Scoreboard 2005 available at
www.sourceoecd.org/scoreboard Multilingual
summaries www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard
7STI Scoreboard 2007 Forthcoming in
OctoberComprehensive coverage of the different
facets of the knowledge economy in 9 sections
- RD and investment in knowledge
- Human resources in ST
- Innovation policy
- Innovation performance
- ICT an enabler for the knowledge society
- Particular fields
- Internationalisation of ST
- Global economic flows
- Trade and productivity
8 New in the 2007 Scoreboard
- 90 families of indicators, over 200 figures
- Around 25 of new indicators compared to 2005
edition. Examples - ST indicators in biotech, nanotech and
environmental technologies - Patenting by universities, patenting by regions,
science linkages in technology - Employment by skills and earnings by level of
skills - International outsourcing of intermediary inputs
- New multi-colour double-page layout for easy
readability
9Investment in Knowledge
RD, Software and Higher Education as a
percentage of GDP (2003)
- The knowledge economy is about more than RD
- OECD economies taken together, invested 5 of GDP
in knowledge in 2003. - In US, close to half of this investment concerns
software and higher education, whereas in EU
countries the main component is RD investment.
10RD Intensity as a percentage of GDP (2005)
- China is now one of the major players in the
global knowledge economy - In 2005, China stood just behind the Triadic
countries in terms of share of RD in total RD
RD investment represents 15 in total OECD RD.
11OECD output of university and doctoral degrees
of all OECD graduates receiving their degrees
by region of graduation and field of study, 2004
- European universities are a main source of
science and engineering degrees in the world - 43 of total OECD university degrees originate in
Europe, compared to only 22 for the United
States.
12Employment by Foreign Multinationals
- Employment by foreign affiliates increased in
France but decreased in the United States,
Germany and Italy.
13Labour productivity growth
Contributions of key activities to annual growth
of value added per person employed 2000 - 2005
- Business services are a main catalyst of
productivity in numerous OECD countries - In Canada, Greece, New Zealand, the United
Kingdom and the United States, it contributed to
over 55 of the labour productivity growth.
14Broadband Access by households
- Growing adoption by consumers but remaining
divergences across countries - In 2006, Korea remained the country with the
largest share of households with a broadband
connection via a computer or mobile phone (94).
15Patenting by Universities
Share of patents filed owned by universities
2002-04 in total inventions
- Intellectual property policies for university
innovation is giving results in the EU - In 2002-04, more than 10 of patents applied by
US residents are owned by public institutions,
whereas in Europe (25), this share was around 4. - With respect to 1996-98, EU (25) doubled the
share of patents owned by universities whereas US
has decreased it slightly.
16Biotechnology firms activities
Percentage of biotechnology firms active by field
of application (2003)
- Predominance of health-related applications in
biotechnology - The majority of firms are active in health (45),
followed by agro-food (22), industry-environmenta
l applications (19), and other (18).
17Nanotechnology Patenting
Worldwide total number of nanotechnology patents
by application fields
Nanotechnologies have the potential to generate
diverse industrial applications Nanotechnology is
multifaceted. It consists of a set of
technologies on the nanometre scale rather than a
single technological field.
18- The next edition of the STI Scoreboard will
appear in October 2007 - john.dryden_at_oecd.org
- sti.contact_at_oecd.org