Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate fumigation for export to Australia

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Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using
ethyl formate fumigation for export to Australia

• Beth Mitcham , Veronique Bikoba
• Bill Biasi, and Francine Pupin
• Department of Plant Sciences
• University of California, Davis
• Joseph Morse, UC Riverside

In cooperation with Kathie Blyskal and Alfred
Hanson, Sunkist Growers The Linde Group
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Ethyl Formate

• Natural plant volatile
• Registered for use in Australia and New Zealand
  by Linde Corporation as VapormateTM in
  formulation with CO2
• Previously registered in US for control of insect
  pests in raisins, but registration expired in the
  1980s
• Registration is being pursued by Linde
  Corporation

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Laboratory System for VapormateTM Fumigation
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Laboratory Fumigation System
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Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour VapormateTM
Fumigation of Navel Oranges Lab Tests
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Lab Test Methods

• 1 hour fumigation with 1 Vapormate at 50F
• Evaluations
• Initial
• after 3 wks storage _at_ 41F
• after 5 days _at_ 55F
• after 2 days _at_ 68F

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Laboratory Test
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Laboratory Test
1none 2very slight 3 slight damage 4
moderate damage
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No damage (1)
Very slight damage (2)
Slight damage (3)
Moderate damage (4)
Severe damage (5)
Very severe damage (6)
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Orange Cove/Sanger Navels-Lab Quality Evaluated
after 3 wks _at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2 days _at_ 68F
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Gillete Navels-Lab Quality Evaluated after 3 wks
_at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2 days _at_ 68F
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Harding Legget Navels-Lab Quality Evaluated
after 3 wks _at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2 days _at_ 68F
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Small Degreening Rooms at Sunkist Growers
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(No Transcript)
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Semi-Commercial Test Method

• 1 Vapormate for 1 hour at 50F
• Evaluations
• Initial
• after 3 wks storage _at_ 41F
• after 5 days _at_ 55F
• after 2 days _at_ 68F

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Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour Fumigation
with VapormateTMSunkist Test
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Sunkist Test
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Sunkist Test
1none 2very slight 3 slight damage 4
moderate damage
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Villa Park Semi-Commercial Test Quality
Evaluated after 3 wks _at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2
days _at_ 68F
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San Antonio Semi-Commercial Test Quality
Evaluated after 3 wks _at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2
days _at_ 68F
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Golden Valley Semi-Commercial Test Quality
Evaluated after 3 wks _at_ 41F plus 5 days _at_ 55F 2
days _at_ 68F
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Mandarin Lab Test Methodsto Determine Fruit
Tolerance

• 1 hour fumigation with 1.5 Vapormate at 50F
• 8 replications of control and 16 replications for
  Vapormate trt.
• 3 weeks shelf life at 68F with weekly visual
  evaluation

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W. Murcott Mandarin Tolerance to Vapormate (1.5)
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Year 3

• Commercial trials
• Treat fruit in packed boxes with static
  fumigation in marine container
• Confirm bean thrips mortality with large number
  of insects
• Confirm fruit tolerance with many grower sources
• Develop mortality curves for adult bean thrips
• Prepare report for APHIS

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Vapormate Delivery System
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Potential for Vapormate

• Needs to be registered in U.S.
• or
• Needs to be approved for bean thrips control in
  Australia and New Zealand
• Already registered there
• Develop efficacy data for review
• True of other alternative fumigants as well.
• GRAS compound
• Effective against Light Brown Apple Moth

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Mortality of the California Red Scale
(Aonidiella aurantii) 3 weeks after a 3-hour
Fumigation with Ethyl Formate
Y. Aharoni, Y. Nitzan, and A. Copel. (1987)
Tropical Science (27) 155-157.
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Questions??