Border/Immigration%20Policy,%201924-1996

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Border/Immigration Policy, 1924-1996
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Revolution and its Wake

• Flood of dispossessed and displaced migrants
  north
• Coincides with rise of agribusiness in US
  Southwest
• Immigration Act of 1924 establishes national
  quotas and the Border Patrol

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Depression, the Bracero Program, Operation
Wetback, and the Immigration Act of 1965

• Hundreds of thousands sent back during Depression
• Bracero Program 1942-1964
• B.P. institutionalized migration, created
  permanent migratory networks
• Operation Wetback 1954 mass deportation
• 1965 National quotas terminated

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Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 1986

• Employer sanctions
• Restrictions in social services
• Amnesty 2 million legalized
• Facilitates illegal immigration

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1990s backlash

• Pat Buchanan holds press conference above
  Smugglers Canyon illegal invasion
• Most acute in California
• Budget crisis and recession
• Rising nativist fears
• Pete Wilson saves a floundering election campaign
• Proposition 187, 1994
• Largely symbolic message to the feds declared
  unconstitutional

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Clinton Administration and After

• Beefs up Border Patrol
• INS becomes fastest growing federal agency
• INS developed more gun-carrying personnel than
  any other agency
• Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility
  Act of 1996 creates 10,000 new Border Patrol
  agents by 2001
• All in a period of government downsizing

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Clinton Continued

• Clintons welfare reform bill cuts many social
  programs for immigrants.
• Illegal immigrants become ineligible for
  virtually all federal and state benefits except
  emergency medical care, immunization programs,
  and disaster relief.

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Operations

• Operation Blockade, 1993 (Operation
  Hold-the-Line) 450 agents over 20 miles
• Operation Gatekeeper, 1994 (designed between INS
  and Defense Departments Center for Low Intensity
  Conflict)
• Operation Safeguard, 1995 (apprehensions rise
  from 3,000/month in 1995 to 27,000 in March 1999)

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Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal
Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437)

• Would criminalize undocumented immigrants as
  felons
• Punish those who try to help them under
  anti-smuggling laws
• Machine-scannable social security cards
• Workplace enforcement
• Build the wall!

• Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-Wisconsin)

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Senate Response McCain-Kennedy Proposal

• Calls for a streamlined path to citizenship for
  the 10- 12 million illegal aliens in the U.S.
  (the specter of amnesty)
• A guest-worker program
• Family reunification clause to provide additional
  green cards for family members of U.S. citizens

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Operational Control and Immigration Reform in the
Age of Terror the Secure Fence Act of 2006

• OPERATIONAL CONTROL DEFINED.In this section,
  the term operational control means the
  prevention of all unlawful entries into the
  United States, including entries by terrorists,
  other unlawful aliens, instruments of terrorism,
  narcotics, and other contraband.
• Comprehensive Immigration Reform Begins With
  Securing The Border
• 373 miles of fence by end of 2008
• Surveillance Technology
• Beefing up border patrol
• Path to citizenship

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Guest-workers Z Visas

• Z visa applicants pay a 1,000 fine for heads of
  households, additional 500 fine for each
  dependent.
• Processing fee of up to 1,500 and a 500 state
  impact assistance fee.
• Applicants must be employed or contracted for
  employment, pass background checks, and agree to
  meet accelerated English and civics requirements.
  
• Renewable every four years.

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Recent Security Specifics

• 700 miles of fencing
• surveillance cameras
• satellite communications among enforcement
  agencies
• unmanned aerial vehicles and Aerostat Radar
  System to improve surveillance

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The Fence

• Cost overruns
• 5 million miles
• Total cost 49 billion
• Bug-ridden technology

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Obama/Napolitano

• Similar to the Bush plan except little on
  guest-workers
• Crack down on employers
• Employment eligibility verification system
• Leery of workplace raids

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Meanwhile
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Agua Prieta and the Field School
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Maquiladoras
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When recession hits the U.S.

• Mexico bleeds jobs
• Impact on maquila sector especially hard
• and the U.S. becomes a colder place for Mexican
  immigrants.

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The Drug Business

• The State
• Hypertrophies self-enrichment, atrophies
  accountability to constituencies
• Less faith in government support
• Barrio residents
• The quest for living wages
• A normalized economic sector

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DouglaPrieta Trabajan

• Reduce dependency
• Self-determination
• Food production as hub
• Community identity and organizing
• Self-sufficiency
• Poverty reduction
• Health

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