The International Consortium on Landslides Global Landslides Observation Strategy GLOS

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The InternationalConsortium on Landslides Global
Landslides Observation Strategy (GLOS)

• Nicola Casagli

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Some recent landslide disasters
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Landslide socio-economic impact
Average toll rate(victims per year) 1 Andean
countries 735 2 China 150 3 Japan 130 4
Italy 59.4 5 USA 50
Average cost of losses (billions of Euro) 1
Japan 4-6 G (GDP0.30) 2 India 1-2 G
(GDP0.50) 3 Italy 1-2 G (GDP0.15) 4
USA 1-2 G (GDP0.025)
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Landslide risk evaluation
(Guzzetti,2000)
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Landslide socio-economic impact

• Victims10,555 since 1400 5,939 in the XX
  century (59.4 per year)2,447 post-war (54.3 per
  year)
• Government investments22.5 billion Euro
  (1945-1990)0.5 billion Euro per year (0.05 of
  GDP)
• Cost of damgesca. 1 - 2 billion Euro (0.15 of
  GDP)
• Unstable urban areas 1,306 to be stabilized, 323
  to be moved (total 1,629) according to the Law
  445/1908
• Lanslide risk areas9,187 areas classified at
  extremely high risk (R4) according to the Law
  267/1998

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The International Consortium on Landslides

• The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
  is an International non-governmental and
  non-profit scientific organization, which is
  supported by UNESCO, WMO, FAO and UN/ISDR and
  other governmental bodies

Photo of ICL Foundation Meeting, Kyoto, Jan.
2002 
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International Consortium on Landslides

• ICL is a bottom-up activity by worldwide
  landslide researchers supported by UNESCO and
  other special supporting organizations (WMO, FAO,
  UN/ISDR etc.).
• Members are those organizations that support the
  objectives of ICL intellectually, practically and
  financially.
• Each Member sends a representative to the Board
  of Representatives, which has full power for all
  decisions of the consortium
• Details onhttp//www.unesco.org/science/earthsci
  ences/disaster/icl.htmhttp//landslide.dpri.kyoto
  -u.ac.jp/ICL.htm

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ICL Objectives

• to promote landslide research for the benefit of
  society and the environment, and capacity
  building, including education, notably in
  developing countries
• to integrate geosciences and technology within
  the appropriate cultural and social contexts in
  order to evaluate landslide risk in both urban,
  rural and developing areas and cultural and
  natural heritage sites, as well as to contribute
  to the protection of the natural environment and
  sites of high societal value
• to combine and coordinate international research
  activity in landslide risk assessment and
  mitigation studies
• to promote a global, multidisciplinary
  International Programme on Landslides

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Milestones

• Vancouver, Sept. 1998 Launch of UNESCO/IUGS
  International Geoscience Program on Landslides in
  Cultural Heritage Sites (IGCP-425)
• Tokyo, Jan.2001 1st International Symposium on
  Landslide Risk Mitigation and Protection of
  Cultural Heritage Sites. Tokyo Appeal proposing
  to set up a new International Consortium on
  Landslides
• Kyoto, Jan.2002 2nd International Symposium on
  Landslide Risk Mitigation and Protection of
  Cultural Heritage Sites. Kyoto Declaration to
  launch the ICL and the IPL
• Machu Picchu, Sept. 2003 1st Joint Mission in
  Peru
• Paris, Nov. 2002 1st Session of ICL Board of
  Representatives
• Heidelberg, March 2003 1st Issue of Landslides
  International Journal by Springer
• Kyoto, Jan. 2004 Establishment of the
  UNESCO/UNITWIN Network
• Kobe, Jan. 2005 Letter of intent of UNESCO, WMO,
  FAO, UN-ISDR, UNU, ISCSU and WFEO concerning
  cooperation in resarch and learning on Earth
  System Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster
  Management within the ISDR

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Current Members of International Consortium on
Landslides
Total 51
Special Supporting Organization International
Organizations UNESCO, FAO, WMO, UN/ISDR
Governmental Organizations Japan, Italy,
USA Member Organization EUROPE
19 Russia 7 Italy 5 European
Union 1 Norway 1 Czech republic 1 Slovakia 1 Gre
ece 1 Switzerland 1 Romania 1
AMERICA 5 Peru 2 Canada 1 USA 1 Jamaica
1 AFRICA 2 Egypt 1 Ethiopia 1 ASIA 25 Ja
pan 10 China 7 Iran 3 Nepal 1 Thailand
1 India 1 Taiwan 1 Malaysia 1
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Current Members
51 organizations form 23 countries 4
international organizations
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World Conference on Disaster Reduction

• ICL Thematic Session 3.8
• New international initiatives for research and
  risk mitigation of floods (IFI) and landslides
  (IPL)

Michel Jarraud Director General of WMO
Koichiro Matsuura, Director General of UNESCO
United Nations
Badaoui Rouhban UNESCO
Wolfgang Eder UNESCO
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ICL Thematic Session at the WCDR/Kobe
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1st ICL General Assembly

• The 13 -14 October 2005, Keck Center of the
  National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.,
  USA
• Organizers International Consortium on
  Landslides U.S. Geological Survey, USA
• Contact
• ICL Secretariat
• Research Centre on Landslides
• Disaster Prevention Research Institute
• Kyoto University, Japan
• e-mail jimu_at_landslide.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

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Secretariat of ICL/IPL

• General Secretariat
• Landslide Research Centre
• Disaster Prevention Research Institute
• Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, JAPAN
• TEL [phone]
• FAX[phone]
• Email ICL_at_landslide.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp

• Secretariat for Europe
• Earth Sciences Department
• University of Firenze
• Via La Pira, 4
• Firenze ITALY
• TEL [phone]
• FAX[phone]
• Email ICL_at_geo.unifi.it

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International Programme on Landslides

• The International Programme on Landslides (IPL),
  launched in Kyoto 2002, is an international
  initiative of the ICL which is supported by
  UNESCO, WMO, FAO, UN/ISDR.
• The IPL aims to conduct international cooperative
  research, capacity building notably in developing
  countries, for landslide risk mitigation, the
  protection of cultural and natural heritage for
  society and the environment.
• The IPL is co-ordinated and funded by ICL.
• Details onhttp//www.unesco.org/science/earthsci
  ences/disaster/ipl.htm

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IPL types of Project

• Coordinating project proposed by the UNESCO/ICL
  Joint Committee for IPL (IPL-Committee) . These
  projects will cover topics with high priority and
  urgent societal needs
• New project proposed by an ICL member and
  approved by the IPL-Committee with a budget
• Existing project conducted by an ICL member and
  authorized by the IPL-Committee as an IPL project

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IPL Project categories

• Fundamental research on landslides
• Geological, geotechnical, and geophysical models
• Monitoring including remote sensing and
  non-invasive systems
• New technology, expert and intelligent systems
• Earthquake-triggered landslides and rain-induced
  landslides and
• Rapid and long-travelling flow phenomena.
• Global data base and landslide hazard assessment
• Global database on landslide research
• Effects of meteorological and hydrological
  factors and global climatic change
• Assessment of landslide data and
• GIS applications to landslides.

• Cultural and Societal Application
• Machu Picchu World Heritage in Peru
• Masoule case in Iran, and other cultural and
  natural heritage sites
• Case studies in sites of high societal value
• Joint investigations of catastrophic landslide
  disasters and
• Special focus on case studies in developing
  countries.
• Capacity Building, Com-munication and
  Information
• International co-ordination and networking with
  other organizations or international initiatives
  on landslides
• Publication of an International Journal on
  Landslides, books and guidelines
• Conference organization and sponsorship
• Public awareness through press conferences and
  public seminars
• Training courses in specific countries and
• Supplying expert knowledge.

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IPL Projects approved in Prague 2002

• IPL-100 A New International Journal on
  Landslides (Coordinating project)
• IPL-101 Landslide Risk Evaluation and Mitigation
  in Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites
  (Coordinating project)
• IPL-101-1 Landslide Investigation in Machu
  Picchu, Peru
• IPL-101-2 Landslides at the Archaeological Site
  of Olympia, in S. Greece, by the School of
  Geology, Aristotile University of Thessaloniki,
  Greece.
• IPL-102 Areal Prediction of Earthquake and Rain
  Induced Rapid and Long-Traveling Flow Phenomena
  (APERIF), by DPRI and other all Japanese member
  organizations.
• IPL-103 Landslides Monitoring at Selected
  Historic Sites in Slovakia, by the Department of
  Engineering Geology, Comenius University
• IPL-104 Hurricane-Flood-Landslide Continuum A
  Forecast System, by USGS.
• IPL-105 Landslide Mapping and Risk Mitigation
  Planning in Thailand, by the Land Development
  Department of Thailand and the Japan Landslide
  Society

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IPL Co-ordinated Projects

• IPL-100 International Journal on Landslides
• IPL-200 Landslide Risk Evaluation and Mitigation
  in Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites
• IPL-300 Capacity Building
• IPL-400 Global Landslides Observation Strategy
  (GLOS)

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International Journal on Landslides

• Coordinating Project No.100
• the journal addresses a wide array of
  disciplines, is of broad interest, widely
  readable and of high quality
• 4 issues per year
• started from January 2004
• edited by Springer
• Full color
• 3 types of contributions Landslide News,
  Scientific papers and technological development

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Landslide Risk Evaluation and Mitigation in
Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites

• IPL Project n.200
• Continuation of the activity of IGCP-425
• Coordinated by K. Sassa and P. Canuti

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Machu Picchu Project

• The IPL Subproject 201 Landslide Investigation
  in Machu Picchu, Peru, contains working groups by
  ICL members on Machu Picchu from Peru, Japan,
  Italy, Czech, Slovakia, Canada and UK
• Investigation by all working groups will be
  coordinated as an IPL project, and the report of
  investigation will be presented to Peruvian
  Government through UNESCO as a single UNESCO-ICL
  joint report

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Inca trail
hotel
CITADEL
road
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1st joint ICL mission in Machu Picchu
September 2002
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UNITWIN Network

• Coordinating Project No.300 Capacity building
• A UNESCO/ICL Landslide Risk Mitigation Network
  has been approved under the agreement of UNESCO,
  Kyoto University and ICL.
• The objectives of the UNITWIN network are to
  promote an integrated system of research,
  training, information and documentation in the
  field of landslides for the benefit of society
• Details on http//www.unesco.org/education/educpr
  og/unitwin/

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Thank you
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Research Centre on Landslides

• The Research Centre on Landslides, which is to be
  established in Kyoto, Japan, with possible
  satellite centers elsewhere, will work as the
  secretariat of IPL and ICL.
• The research centre is expected to conduct
  advanced landslide research in the global scale
  and work for the promotion of IPL in close and
  strong cooperation with ICL member organizations
  and other groups working on landslides.
• The RCL receives the financial support of the
  Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
  Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)

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ICL Structure and Officers

• Board of Representatives formed by
  representatives of all member organizations.
• President elected by the Board of
  Representatives
• Vice presidents recommended by the nominating
  committee, which consists of five individuals and
  shall be approved by the Board of Representatives
• Executive Director recommended by the Steering
  Committee and approved by the BoR
• Treasurer recommended by the Steering Committee
  and approved by the BoR
• Steering Committee consists of the President,
  two Vice Presidents, the Executive Director, the
  Treasurer and the immediate past president, two
  co-opted members from BoR, observers from
  Supporting Organizations

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Funding

• ICL will receive a fund for Special Coordination
  Fund for Promoting Science and Technology from
  the Japanese Government to support ICL initiative
  for the next three years FY2002-2004.
• Four categories of annual membership fees
• Normal fee for members US 5000
• Discounted fees for developing countriesUS
  2000, US 1000 or US 500(based on Gross
  National Income)
• Membership fee for Supporters US 500 or more
• Membership fee for Associates US 50

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Members

• Members have the right to participate and vote in
  the Board of Representatives, which has full
  power for the management of the affairs of the
  consortium.
• Four categories of members with equal rights
  independent of size and category
• intergovernmental organizations,
• non-governmental organizations
• governmental organizations
• public organizations and other organizations
• Members have the right to participate and vote in
  the IPL Committee to examine and approve the IPL
  projects.
• Members will receive a minimum of two hard copies
  of the journal and access to the web version of
  the journal once it is published.

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Special supporting organizations

• The following organizations are special
  supporters of ICL and will delegate Observers to
  the Steering Committee
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural
  Organizations (UNESCO)
• World Meteorological Office (WMO)
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
  Nations (FAO)
• United Nations International Strategy for
  Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR)
• Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
  and Technology, Japan (MEXT)

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Supporters and associates

• Supportes are other organizations and individuals
  who support the objectives of ICL and provide
  funds for its activities
• Supporters will receive information, news and
  reports on ICL and IPL
• The list of supporters shall appear on the
  journal on landslides and they will receive one
  hard copy and access to the web version of the
  journal
• They may attend the Board of Representatives and
  IPL-Committee as observers

• Associates are organizations or individuals who
  support the objectives of ICL and meet the
  appropriate financial obligations
• Associates will receive information, news and
  reports on ICL and IPL
• After the ICL journal on landslides is published,
  they can access to the web-version of the
  journal, and they may receive hard copies of the
  journal with additional fees

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UNESCO Natural Disaster Reduction http//www.unesc
o.org/science/earthsciences/disaster/ipl.htm
International Programme on Landslides (IPL)

• Objectives and Activities
• This Programme aims to conduct international
  cooperative research, capacity building notably
  in developing countries, for landslide risk
  mitigation, the protection of cultural and
  natural heritage for society and the environment.
  The activities of IPL will contribute to the
  International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
  (ISDR).
• Each IPL project can fall into one of the
  following three topics
• New project proposed by an ICL member and
  approved by the UNESCO/ICL Joint Committee for
  IPL
• (IPL-Committee) with a budget
• Existing project conducted by an ICL member may
  be authorized by IPL-Committee as an IPL project
  
• Coordinating projects proposed by IPL-Committee.
  These projects will cover topics with high
  priority and urgent
• societal needs.
• The activities of IPL shall include the following
  main categories
• 1. Fundamental research on landslides
• 2. Global data base and landslide hazard
  assessment
• 3. Cultural and Societal Application
• 4. Capacity Building, Communication and
  Information

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IPL Committe

• UNESCO/ICL Joint Committee for IPL
  (IPL-Committee) consists of all members of ICL
  Board of Representatives and all representatives
  from ICL special supporting organizations
• The IPL-Committee shall examine and approve IPL
  projects.

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International Journal on Landslides

• Coordinating Project No.1
• The journal should appeal to a wide array of
  disciplines be of broad interest, be widely
  readable and of high quality
• Color format for figures and illustrations and
  low cost to ensure wide distribution especially
  in the developing countries.
• The journal will be comprised of
• peer-reviewed scientific papers
• reports of recent landslides, including one-page
  descriptions accompanied by photos and figures
• technical reports of recent advancements in
  landslide risk evaluation, mitigation works,
  landslide monitoring and mapping
• news and reports of ICL and IPL activities
• statistics of reported landslide disasters and
  economic conditions related to landslide losses,
  recovery and prevention complied annually through
  the ICL network
• special volume for ICL Symposia or IPL Workshops.
  

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IPL coordinating project n.400 Global
Landslides Observation Strategy (GLOS)
The InternationalConsortium on Landslides

• Kaoru Takara Kyoto University
• Nicola Casagli Florence University

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DURING THE NEXT DECADE THERE WILL BE AN
UNPRECEDENTED NUMBER OF SATELLITES OBSERVING THE
EARTH. THEY ALSO HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO ALTER THE
WAY IN WHICH SOCIETY MANAGES NATURAL HAZARDS.
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General Objective

• To seeks better methodologies for monitoring and
  forecasting landslides in hazardous areas in the
  world by using earth observation systems
  including satellite, airborne and ground-based
  remote sensing techniques, and facilitate focused
  pilot studies by providing new in situ
  instrumental and mapping support

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Objective 1 InSAR

• Advocate integration of InSAR technology into
  landslide disaster warning and prediction
  systems.
• The ERS (European Remote Sensing) and Envisat
  missions of the European Space Agency (ESA) have
  pioneered these applications and shall be
  continued for global, long-term applications.
• As part of this effort, facilitate efficient
  exploitation of data from Japan's upcoming
  Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) with
  PALSAR, an L-band SAR sensor (spatial resolution
  of 10 m).

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SLAM/1 Landslide inventory

• 300 SAR images processed (1992 - 2000)
• 600.000 PS

• Area 8,830 km2
• 28.000 mapped landslides
• 300 areas at high risk

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SLAM/2 monitoring of single landslides
Carbonile landslide
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Revised hazard area with PS information
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SLAM/3 Landslide hazard mapping
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PSDInSAR monitoring Castagnola

• 50 ERS1/2 images for PS analysis
• few PS within the landslide
• too high velocities (up to 4-5 cm/y) no-linear
  deformations
• good results with short-term differential
  interferograms

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C-band interferometry Castagnola
Temporal interval 35 days
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C-band interferometry Castagnola
Temporal interval 105 days
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L-band interferometry Ruinon
Differential interferogram JERS data
10/10/1994-23/11/1994 Deformations up to 18 cm
within 44 days
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Ruinon comparison with GPS

• Comparison with GPS data (2002-2003) projected
  along the l.o.s.
• agreement about most active zones (porzione NW
  upper scarp and displacement order of magnitude

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ALOS Satellite System
Data Relay Antenna
Star Tracker

GPS Antenna
PALSAR
PRISM
AVNIR-2
Solar Array Paddle
Velocity
Nadir
PRISM Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument
for Stereo Mapping AVNIR-2 Advanced Visible
and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 PALSAR
Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar
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Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)
DRC (Data Relay Satellite Communication
Antenna) Mission data rate 240Mbps
GPS Antenna
Star Tracker
PALSAR (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic
Aperture Radar)
Solar Array Paddle 7 kW at EOL
AVNIR-2 (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared
Radiometer type-2)
PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument
for Stereo Mapping)
ALOS mission objectives are to (1) Provide
and update maps for Japan and other countries
including those in the Asian-Pacific region
(Cartography), (2) Perform regional
observation for sustainable development,
harmonization between Earth environment and
development (Regional Observation), (3)
Conduct disaster monitoring around the world
(Disaster Monitoring), (4) Survey natural
resources (Resources Surveying), and (5)
Develop technology necessary for future Earth
observing satellites (Technology Development).
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PALSAR
Mt. Fujis terrain elevation map derived by
JERS-1/SAR stereo.

• Characteristics
• Synthetic Aperture Radar L-band(1.27GHz)
• Cross track pointing capability 10?51?
• Spatial resolution 10m
• Sensor field of view 70km, 350km (Scan mode),
  etc
• All-weather, day-and-night observation

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Objective 2 Optical VHR

• Utilize other very high-resolution (VHR) optical
  sensors relevant to landslide monitoring and
  detection, such as QUICKBIRD and IKONOS (1 m),
  ALOSs PRISM (2.5 m) and AVNIR-2 (10 m), and
  terra/ASTER (15 m).
• A passive-microwave capability would help in
  determining soil moisture repeatedly over broad
  areas.

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Slope instability in Machu Picchu (Peru)
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Machu Picchu
Quickbird 18/06/2002
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Inca trail
hotel
CITADEL
road
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Machu Picchu, 10 April 2004
REUTERS/Oscar Paredes/Handout
AP Photo/EL COMERCIO ONLINE OUT
Debris flow in the Aguas Calientes village 11
casualties 1,500 tourists remained isolated and
were evacuated by helicopters
REUTERS/Oscar Paredes/Handout
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Quickbird satellite image 18/5/2004 true color
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Details on debris-flows
18 May 2004 true color
18 June 2002 true color
18 June 2002 FCC 432
18 May 2004 FCC 432
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Detail on debris-flow deposits
Alcamayo stream
18 May 2002 FCC 432
Alcamayo stream
18 May 2004 FCC 432
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Objectives 34 Airborne Ground-based

• Facilitate the development and sharing of
  critical airborne sensors and capabilities, such
  as hyper-spectral sensors, high-resolution
  infrared sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
  and LiDAR.
• Facilitate the development and sharing of remote
  sensors using ground-based platforms such as SAR,
  infrared cameras, laser scanners and
  hyper-spectral sensors.

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Ground-based SAR interferometry
LISA 1
LISA 2
Portable SAR apparatus known as LISA (Linear
Synthetic Aperture Radar), developed by the Joint
Research Centre of the European Commission
LISA 3
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LISA Applications Monte Beni landslide
08/05/2002 1359
08/05/2002 1710
08/05/2002 20.28
08/05/2002 2337
09/05/2002 0007
09/05/2002 0400
09/05/2002 0635
09/05/2002 0840
09/05/2002 1120
09/05/2002 1405
09/05/2002 1650
09/05/2002 1920
09/05/2002 2355
10/05/2002 0310
10/05/2002 0550
10/05/2002 0945
10/05/2002 1152
10/05/2002 1350
10/05/2002 1645
11/05/2002 1900
11/05/2002 2120
11/05/2002 2342
11/05/2002 1900
11/05/2002 2120
11/05/2002 2342
12/05/2002 0245
12/05/2002 0600
12/05/2002 0830
12/05/2002 1120
12/05/2002 1430
12/05/2002 1735
12/05/2002 2010
12/05/2002 2240
13/05/2002 0215
13/05/2002 0546
13/05/2002 0855
13/05/2002 1240
13/05/2002 1240
13/05/2002 1540
13/05/2002 1812
Start 8/5/2002 1359 End 13/5/2002
1812 Interval 124 h Acquisition time 40
min Peak velocity 0.48 mm/h Mean Velocity
0.16 mm/h
LOS DISPLACEMENT (mm)
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The Stromboli Emergency 2003
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Data collection centre
Heli-platform
Heli-platform
Radar installation
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Installation of the system
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Deformation map produced every 12 min.
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History of deformation rate
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Airborne Laser scanner
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Lidar DEM Debris-flow modelling
Pichincha volcano Quito, Ecuador
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Objective 5 GPS and GIS integration

• Advocate systematic expansion of landslide
  zonation maps, Geographic Information Systems
  (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) as
  critical tools for managing spatial information
  for disaster management, including precision
  topography, mapping support, and deformation
  monitoring, as well as geolocation for search and
  rescue operations.

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Machu PicchuGPS LiSA monitoring network
LiSA installation
JRC, IspraENEA, RomeCNR Irpi, TorinoTRE, Milano
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SLAM Landslides in the Arno River Basin

• 300 SAR images processed (1992 - 2000)
• 600.000 PS

• Area 8,830 km2
• 28.000 mapped landslides
• 300 areas at high risk

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PS and landslide map
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PS and landslide map
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IKONOS-2image
29 April 2003 Resolution 0.80 m True Color
Composite
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Landslidemap
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Objective 6 Capacity building

• Facilitate ongoing capacity building activities,
  with a focus on transferring technologies and
  best practices
• Dissemination of real-time information and early
  warnings to end users and the public, in concert
  with efforts by UNESCO and WMO to expand and
  improve sediment- and flood-related initiatives.
  

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GLOBAL MEASUREMENTS WILL HAVE GLOBAL BENEFITS IF
THE ABILITY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS TO USE THESE
DATA IS INCREASED(Capacity Building
Technology, Education/Training and Field
Applications)

• Developing nations should be provided with the
  hardware and software to access all ICL data
  products and forecasts.
• Training materials should be developed and
  sessions carried out in developing countries.

ICL IS WORKING ACTIVELY TO SUPPORT THE TRANSFER
OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DEVELOPING WORLD.
ICL WOULD LIKE TO WORK CLOSELY WITH UNESCO AND
SPACE AGENCIES TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL.
86
Conclusions

• Integrated use of different remote sensing
  techniques (active/passive, satellite/ground-based
  sensors)
• Applicability of remote sensing techniques to
  geological hazard prevention
• Landslide inventory at a basin scale
• Landslide hazard mapping
• Ground deformation monitoring
• High precision monitoring during emergency
• Emergency management and support to decision
• Post-crisis analysis and damage inventory