Understanding deconfinement: new spectroscopy at T>Tc

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Understanding deconfinement new spectroscopy
at TgtTc

• Edward Shuryak
• Department of Physics and Astronomy
• State University of New York
• Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

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Outline

• The little bang at RHIC
• gt A strongly coupled QGP
• Lattice puzzles
• Hadrons above Tc
• Bound colored states
• AdS/CFT at finite T

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RHIC a view from space

• A dedicated collider for
• Heavy ion collisions, AuAu 100100 GeV/N
• Polarized pp,
• 250250 GeV

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One of the first RHIC events at STAR detector,
The average multiplicity at AuAu 200 GeV/N Is
about 5000
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Spectra of various secondariesfrom all 4
detectors
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Main findings at RHIC

• Particles are produced from matter which seems to
  be well equilibrated (by the time it is back in
  hadronic phase), N1/N2 exp(-(M_1-M_2)/T)
• Very robust collective flows were found,
  indicating very strongly coupled Quark-Gluon
  Plasma (sQGP)
• Strong quenching of large pt jets they do not
  fly away freely but are mostly (up to 90)
• absorbed by the matter. The deposited energy
  seem
• to go into another hydrodynamical motion
  (conical flow)

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Reminder Statistical Model Works well with just
two parameters
Hadro-chemistry seems to be all done at the
critical line
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Hydrodynamics is simple and very predictive lt
only the EoS is needed,provided by the lattice
(at finite T)
Local Energy-momentum conservation
Conserved number

• Dynamic Phenomena
• Expansion, Flow
• Space-time evolution of
• thermodynamic variables

Caveat Why and when the equilibration takes
place is a tough question to answer
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Elliptic flow at RHIC
Explosion goes in all directions Radial and
especially Elliptic flow
The red almond-shaped region is where the dense
matter is. Yellow region shows spectators which
fly by without interaction
The so called jet tomography of the initial
shape of the matter
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hydro describes both radial and elliptic flows
(from Phenix) v_2ltcos(2 phi)gt
nucl-ex/0410003
Hydro models Teaney (w/ w/o RQMD) Hirano (3d)
Kolb Huovinen (w/ w/o QGP)
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Sonic boom from quenched jets Casalderrey,ES,Teane
y, hep-ph/0410067 H.Stocker

• the energy deposited by jets into liquid-like
  strongly coupled QGP must go into conical shock
  waves, similar to the well known sonic boom from
  supersonic planes.
• We solved relativistic hydrodynamics and got the
  flow picture
• If there are start and end points, there are two
  spheres and a cone tangent to both

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Distribution of radial velocity v_r (left) and
modulus v (right).(note tsunami-like features, a
positive and negative parts of the wave)
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PHENIX jet pair distribution
Note it is only projection of a cone on
phi Note 2 more recent data from STAR find also
a minimum in ltp_t(\phi)gt at 180 degr., with a
value Consistent with background
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Collective flows gtcollisional regime gt
hydrodynamics

• The main assumption
• l ltlt L
• (the micro scale) ltlt (the macro scale)
• (the mean free path) ltlt (system size)
• (relaxation time) ltlt (evolution duration)
• I

• In the zeroth order in l/L it is ideal hydro with
  a local stress tensor.
• Viscosity appears as a first order correction
  l/L, it is inversely proportional to the cross
  section and thus is (the oldest) strong coupling
  expansion tool

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Viscosity of QGP
QGP at RHIC seem to be the most ideal fluid
known, its viscosity/(entropy density) .1 -.2
water would not flow if only a drop with 1000
molecules be made
1st order correction to dist. fn.
Sound attenuation length
Velocity gradients
D.Teaney(03)
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What is needed to reproduce themagnitude of v2?
Huge cross sections!!
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Charm transport (the diffusion coeff.)MooreTeane
y, hep-ph/0412346Mc/T6-7 more collision needed
for equilibration
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How to get 20 times pQCD s?

• (Zahed and ES,2003)
• Quark-antiquark bound states dont all melt at
  Tc (charmonium from lattice known prior to that)
  
• Many more colored channels
• all q,g have strong rescattering qqbar ? meson
• Resonance enhancements
• Huge cross section due to resonance enhancement
  causes elliptic flow of trapped Li atoms

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Resonance enhancement near zero binding lines
provides large cross section (ESZahed,03)
Well, it was shown to work for strongly coupled
atoms
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Scattering amplitudesfor quasiparticlesM.
Mannarelli. and R. Rapp hep-ph/05050080
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The coolest thing on Earth, T10 nK or 10(-12)
eV can actually produce a Micro-Bang ! (OHara et
al, Duke )
Elliptic flow with ultracold trapped Li6 atoms,
agt infinity regime The system is extremely
dilute, but can be put into a hydro regime, with
an elliptic flow, if it is specially tuned into
a strong coupling regime via the so called
Feshbach resonance Similar mechanism was proposed
(Zahed and myself) for QGP, in which a pair of
quasiparticles is in resonance with their bound
state at the zero binding lines
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The new spectroscopy at TgtTc
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The QCD Phase Diagram
The lines marked RHIC and SPS show the paths
matter makes while cooling, in Brookhaven (USA)
and CERN (Switzerland)
T
Theory prediction (numerical calculation, lattice
QCD, Karsch et al) the pressure as a function of
T (normalized to that for free quarks and gluons)
Is it weakly coupled?
Chemical potential mu
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lattice puzzles

• it was recently found fom correlators
  (Asakawa-Hatsuda,Bielefeld) that
• J/?,?c dissolves in QGP only at
  Tgt(2-3)T_c.Why?
• How can pressure be high at T(1.5-2)T_c
• while q,g quasiparticles are quite heavy?

Because the coupling is very strong!
Because there also numerous bound states
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free energies for static quarks (Karsch et al)

• Upper figure is normalized at small distances
  one can see that there is large effective mass
  for a static quark at TTc.
• Both are not yet the potentials!
• The lower figure shows the effective coupling
  constant

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Fitting F to screened Coulomb

• Fit from Bielefld group hep-lat/0406036

• Note that the Debye radius corresponds to
• normal (enhanced by factor 2) coupling,
  while the overall strength of the potential is
  much larger
• It becomes still larger if V is used
• instead of F, see later

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The potentials should have the entropy term
subtracted,which makes potentials deeper still
this is how potential I got look like for T 1
1.2 1.4 2 4 6 10Tc, from right to left, from
ES,Zahed hep-ph/0403127
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Here is the binding and psi(0)2(J/psi puzzle
resolved!)
E/2M Vs T/Tc
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If a Coulomb coupling is too strong,falling onto
the center may occurbut it is impossible to get
a bindingcomparable to the massBut we need
massless pion/sigma at TgtTc !

• Brown,Lee,Rho,ES hep-ph/0312175 near-local
  interaction induced by the instanton molecules
  
• (also called hard glue or epoxy, as they
  survive
• at TgtTc
• Their contribution is ?(0)2 which is
  calculated from strong Coulomb problem

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Solving for binary bound statesESI.Zahed,
hep-ph/0403127

• In QGP there is no confinement gt
• Hundreds of colored channels must have bound
  states as well!

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The pressure puzzle is resolved!Masses,
potentials and EoS from lattice are mutually
consistent
M/Tc vc T/Tc and p/pSB vs T/Tc
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Can we verify existence of bound states at TgtTc
experimentally?Dileptons from sQGP
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Asakawa-Hatsuda, T1.4Tc
The widths are being calculated But see, one can
see peaks on the lattice
Karsch-Laerman, T1.5 and 3 Tc
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A gift by the string theorists, the AdS/CFT
correspondence, should help us understand sQGP
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QCD vs CFT let us start with EoS(The famous .8
explained!)
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Strongly coupled CFT plasma is a very good liquid!

• AdS/CFT calculation (D.Son et al 2003)
• of the correlator ltTmunu(x) Tmunu(0)gt
• Via graviton propagator
• gt
• viscosity/ (entropy density)
• gt It is about as small as observed at RHIC!

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Bound states in AdS/CFT(ES and Zahed, PRD 2004)

• The quasiparticles are heavy
• M_q O(sqrt(lambda) T) gtgt T, exp(-M_q/T)ltlt1
• But there should be light binary bound states
  with the mass O(M_q/sqrt(lambda))O(T)
• Using Dirac/KG eqns with supercritical coupling
  one gets states falling on the center if
  lltsqrt(lambda)
• But recent work on quarkonia with D3D7 brane
  construction (e.g.M.Strassler et al 05)
• found that the s-wave states survive, with
  exactly the right mass O(M_q/sqrt(lambda))

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A complete gravity dual for RHIC from 10-d GR?
(ES,Sin,Zahed, in progress)

• Black Holes Howking rad. Is used to mimic the
  finite T
• How black hole is produced can be calculated from
  GR (tHooft Nastase)
• Entropy production gt black hole formation,
  falling into it is viscosity
• Moving brane gt hydro expansion

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Conclusions

• QGP as a matter in the usual sense, not a bunch
  of particles, has been produced at SPS/RHIC
• It shows very robust collective flows. The EoS is
  as expected but QGP seems to be the most ideal
  fluid known
• eta/hbar s.1-.2 ltlt1

• All of this hints that QGP is in a strong
  coupling regime, with new spectroscopy of colored
  states
• Interesting analogies with other strongly coupled
  systems
• quantum gases
• AdS/CFT

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Is such a sonic boom already observed?Mean
Cs.33 time average over 3 stagesgt
?? /-1.231.91,4.37
flow of matter normal to the Mach cone seems to
be observed! See data from STAR,
M.Miller, QM04
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away ltpTgt dependence on angle (STAR,preliminary)
ltpTgt (phi) has a dip structure in central AA.
Mach shock wave?