Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds
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Carbon A special element

• All of lifes substances are carbon based
• Compounds that contain the element carbon
  Organic compounds
• The structure of carbon allows it to make up to 4
  covalent bonds with other molecules
• This makes it a GREAT
• building block!

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Some typical carbon compound drawings

• Carbon can form chain molecules

• Or ring structures

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Carbon can bond with itself and many elements
• Carbon can from single, double,
• and triple bonds
• Bonds energy and strength

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• Macromolecules- giant organic molecules (make up
  living cells)
• Made up of monomers bonded together ? Polymers
• Monomers - smaller single units
• Polymers more than two monomers
• bonded together by dehydration synthesis

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Dehydration Synthesis reaction

• Attaching monomers to make a BIGGER polymers
• A water molecule is removed to make compounds
  unstable ? monomers bonding together to make
  polymers

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Hydrolysis Reaction

• Breaking polymers apart to make smaller monomers
• A water molecule is used to cut the big molecule
  into two
• -lysis to break down
• Ex amylose ? many molec. of maltose
• (poly) ? many (di)

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Hydrolysis Reaction
What happens to this water molecule?
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Recap for reaction types
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Life Substances/Macromolecules

• There are 4 main organic compounds that make up
  living things
• i.e., the 4 most important life substances are

1. Nucleic Acids 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4.
Carbohydrates
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1. Nucleic Acids

• Store and transmit hereditary or genetic
  information
• (RNA and DNA)
• RNA- ribonucleic acid
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA has a double helix structure

DNA
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The elements found in nucleic acids
C, H, N, O, P
Monomers of nucleic acids - 3 basic units
phosphate, sugar and a nitrogen base
NUCLEOTIDE
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Nucleic Acids

• Are read to determine amino acids
• Chains of amino acids ? proteins
• Proteins determine all traits functions of org!

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So how do you get a blue pumpkin?

• Different (mutated) DNA in seeds ? altered
  proteins made in pumpkin
• Different proteins different traits, cellular
  functions, pigments, shapes, etc

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2. Proteins

• Provide the structure of living things

• Regulate chemical reactions in the cell
• DNA produces Proteins
• Proteins carry out DNAs instructions!

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Examples of Proteins

• structural proteins- hair, nails,

muscles (all meats are protein)

• Functional proteins immune system, hormones,
  receptor proteins

• enzymes speed up chemical reactions

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Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
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Elements found in proteins
C, H, N, O, P and S
Protein monomer

• an amino acid (aa)

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Monomer Amino Acid

• Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH2
  and a carboxyl end (COOH)
• 20 different amino acids are commonly found in
  proteins

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?aas link together in various combinations to
form different proteins Order of aa determined by
DNA type of protein made ?Ex skin protein
(type), muscle protein (type), pigment (type),
receptor (type) etc
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All proteins

• are long chains of amino acids
• are held together by covalent peptide bonds
• Peptide Bond Carbon -Nitrogen
• Formed by dehydration synthesis rxn
• are also called polypeptides

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• Protein Structure
• (1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a
  polypeptide chain
• (2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains
  hydrogen bonded into a helix form
• (3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain
  clumped up
• (4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck
  together
• Structure determines function!!!!

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Review the four levels of protein structure
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Denaturation and renaturation of a proteinDue
to heat, acidity, basicity
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Enzymes special proteinsnames usually end in
ase

• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
  catalysts (speed up a reaction)
• Activation energy- energy needed to get a
  reaction started
• Catalyst A substance that speeds up the rate of
  a chemical reaction

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Enzymes

• Enzymes act as a site of a reaction and are not
  used up
• Enzyme binds substrate and speed up the reaction
  to make products
• Substrate The starting molecules for a chemical
  reaction.
• Enzyme substrate complex a transitional step
  when the substrates are bound to the enzyme.
• Active site The area on the enzyme where the
  substrate or substrates attach to.

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Enzymes induced fit model

• This model states that the initial interaction
  between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak,
  and thus can induce changes in the enzyme that
  strengthen binding.

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Factors that can affect enzyme activity

• Concentration of enzymes
• Concentration of substrate
• Competitive inhibitors
• Temperature
• Acidity, basicity

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Examples of Enzymes in the Human Body

• Over 1,000 in the Human Body
• Digestive enzymes (amylase) break down carb
  polymers into glucose (monomer)
• Peroxidase breaks down harmful H2O2 in animal
  cells
• Hepatic enzymes change toxins in the body to less
  toxic substances

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Spider webs are made of protein
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Lab test for proteins

• Biuret Reagent Test
• -liquids that contain protein will turn
  purple/lavender in the presence of Biuret Reagent

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Recap for proteins

• DNA makes proteins proteins determine everything
  about an organism.
• made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
• enzymes or structural
• the chains (polymer) are made of amino acids
  (monomer)
• They are held together by PEPTIDE bonds
• There are 4 levels of protein structure
• Enzymes are a special proteins that aid in
  chemical reactions