Looking at the Elements

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Looking at the Elements

• How Does the Table Work

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Metals and Non-Metals

• The table contains a stair division on the right
  side of the table.
• The elements to the left of this line are METALS,
  except Hydrogen.
• The elements to the right of the line are the
  NONMETALS. Many of these are gasses. The solids,
  such as carbon are very brittle and easily
  crushed.

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Metals and Non-Metals

• The properties of the elements change gradually
  as they move from left to right.
• On either side of the stair step line are the
  metalloids.

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Elemental Families.

• Elements found in the same column of the periodic
  table are said to belong to the same FAMILY or
  GROUP.
• Elements are grouped into the same families
  because they have similar properties.

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• Some Important Families

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Family 1 The Alkali Metals

• These are very soft metals.
• They all contain one electron on their outer
  energy level.
• This makes them highly reactive and must be
  stored under oil to prevent a reaction with the
  air

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Family 1 The Alkali Metals

• They are NEVER found uncombined in nature.
• They will react immediately with air, water, etc.
  
• The most reactive of these would be francium
  because its outer level is the farthest away from
  the pull of the nucleus.

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Family 1 The Alkali Metals

• Alkali metals and the compounds that contain them
  are widely used.
• The salt used to season food and the rock salt
  used on roads contains sodium.
• Sodium also plays a large part in the production
  of glass..

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Family 2 The Alkaline Earth Metals

• These metals are not quite as reactive as the
  Alkali metals but they are also not found
  uncombined in nature.
• The compounds that they form are found in
  powders, plasters and cements and are widely used
  in industry.

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Family 2 The Alkaline Earth Metals

• When an Alkaline earth metal dissolves in the
  ground water, it produces hard water.
• Hard water contains many dissolved minerals
  essential for good health
• It also creates many problems for water works
  companies because it will deposit on pipes and
  equipment.

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Family 17The Halogens

• These elements are called the salt forming
  family. "Halogen" comes from the Greek word
  meaning "Salt-makers".
• They only require one electron to complete their
  outer energy level and become inert.
• Fluorine is the most reactive of these non-metals
  because its outer level is very close to the
  nucleus and the attraction is great.

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Family 17The Halogens

• The uses of Halogens and their compounds are wide
  spread.
• A chlorine based compound is used in pools and
  disinfectant bleaches.
• Fluorine compounds are used in dental health.
• Teflon is a fluorine compound that forms
  non-stick coating for cookware and skis.

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Family 18The Nobel Gases

• These elements were once thought to be absolutely
  non-reactive, however they can be forced to react
  under extreme conditions.
• They do not react because their outer most level
  already contains 8 electrons.

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Family 18The Nobel Gases

• Helium is used to fill airships and weather
  balloons.
• Light bulbs and some newly produced windows
  contain argon gas.
• Neon gas will produce a bright light when an
  electrical current is passed through it.

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The Transition Elements

• These elements are found in families 3-12. The
  are sometimes referred to as the "heavy metals"
  because of their high densities.
• These elements are used either alone or as alloys
  to produce our most commonly used structural
  metals.
• A few transition metals, like copper can occur
  naturally, but most occur in compounds called
  ORES from which the metals can be extracted.
• Their electron configuration is not as clear as
  with the other families.
• They contain partially filled energy levels.

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Synthetic Elements

• You could take apart Earth, piece by piece, but
  you would never find even the slightest trace of
  an element called promethium.
• Promethium is a synthetic element, one that is
  produced only in a laboratory.
• Like all synthetic elements promethium is
  radioactive.

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Lanthanides and Actinides

• Promethium belongs to a part of the periodic
  table known as the lanthanide series.
• These elements share the similar chemical
  properties.
• The same is true of the elements belonging to the
  actinide series.
• Most of the synthetic elements are found in the
  actinide series and are known as transuranium
  meaning "beyond uranium".

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Lanthanides and Actinides

• The first transuranium element created was called
  neptunium because Neptune was the next planet
  after Uranus.
• Later that year another element was discovered
  and named plutonium.
• Hmmm.I wonder why they called it that?