The Preservation Principles of the Secretary of the Interior

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The Preservation Principles of the Secretary of
the Interiors Standards for Historic
Preservation Projects

• David W. Look, FAIA, FAPT
• National Park Service
• Pacific West Region
• Oakland, California

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Approach

• Better to Maintain than Repair
• Better to Repair than to Replace
• Better to Replace than to Restore
• Better to Restore than to Reconstruct

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Approach of Historic Architects

• If all historic buildings andsites were well
  maintained, there would seldom be a need to
  restore, rehabilitate, or reconstruct except for
  the updating of systems.
• You are only a success as an Historical Architect
  if no one knows you were there after you finish
  working on a historic building.Lee H. Nelson,
  FAIA

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Approach of Modern Architects

• All great architecture is unique and the only
  great architects are those that create unique
  buildings.
• It is impossible to know and meet the clients
  needs 20 to 30 years from now so architects are
  wasting the clients money if they construct
  monumental buildings with materials that will
  last forever. Prof. Claude Winkelhack

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Best ApproachMaintenance is theBest Form of
Preservationand the Least Expensive
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Why Does This BuildingHave a Water Problem?
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Deferred MaintenanceCosts 3-5 Times MoreThan
PreventativeMaintenance.If Maintenance is
DeferredToo Long, the ResourceMay be Lost
Forever.
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What Principles Guide Work in Historic
Preservation?
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Fundamental Principles

• Research Documentation
• Authenticity Integrity
• Compatibility
• Minimal Intervention
• Reversibility

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Research Documentation

• Research is investigation aimed at the discovery
  and interpretation of facts, the revision of
  accepted theories in light of new facts, or the
  development of practical applications of such new
  revised theories National Park Service.

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Research
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Documentation

• Documentation is compilation of both graphic and
  written records that explain and illustrate the
  significant characteristics of a historic
  building, site, structure, or object. During
  research and treatment further documentation is
  made to record what was done and why.

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Documentation
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Authenticity

• Authentic is defined as having an undisputed
  origin genuine The American Heritage Dictionary
  of the English Language.
• Authenticity is the condition or quality of being
  authentic, trustworthy, or genuine The American
  Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.

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Authenticity
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Integrity

• Integrity is the authenticity of a property's
  historic identity, evidenced by the survival of
  physical characteristics that existed during its
  historic or prehistoric period the extent to
  which a property retains its historic appearance.

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Integrity

• Do You Still Have Your
• Grandfathers Ax If It Has Had
• 3 New Handles and 3 New Blades?
• Lee H. Nelson

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Seven Qualities of Integrity

• Location
• Design
• Setting
• Materials
• Workmanship
• Feeling
• Association

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Location

• Quality of integrity retained by a historic
  property existing in the same place as it did
  during the period of its significance

Historic Building and Cultural Landscape have
Never Been Moved
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Design

• Quality of integrity applying to the elements
  that create the physical form, plan, space,
  structure, and style of a property

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Setting

• Quality of integrity applying to the physical
  environment of a historic property

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Materials

• Quality of integrity applying to the physical
  elements that were combined to or deposited in a
  particular pattern of configuration to form a
  historic property

Building with 95 Integrity and Mature Specimen
Trees that are 75-100 years old
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Workmanship

• Quality of integrity applying to the physical
  evidence of the crafts of a particular culture,
  people, or artisan

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Feeling

• Quality of integrity through which a historic
  property evokes the aesthetic or historic sense
  of past time and place

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Association

• Link of a historic property with a historic
  event, activity or person. Also the quality of
  integrity through which a historic property is
  linked to a particular past time and place
• Will always be associated with the
• Agronomist Hoshino Shutarô, the
• Luther Burbank of the Pacific, and
• the research done here during the
• Japanese and American Periods
• the Art Deco Engineer/Designer,
• Yamashita Yasaburô, who also
• designed the Saipan Hospital the
• Palau Courthouse in the Art Deco
• Style and the early history of the FSM

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Integrity of Material /or Design
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Compatibility

• Compatibility is the principle that no treatment
  shall detract from or cause damage to a cultural
  resource. This includes both visual and physical
  compatibility. Treatments and new work shall be
  visually compatible in terms of design, color,
  texture, massing, size, scale, and other visual
  qualities to protect the historic integrity of
  the property and its environment. Likewise, the
  treatments and new work shall be physically
  compatible with the historic materials in terms
  of coefficients of expansion and contraction with
  changes in temperature, shrinking and swelling
  with changes in moisture, hardness, etc..

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Visual Compatibility

• Treatments and new work shall be visually
  compatible in terms of design, color, texture,
  massing, size, scale, and other visual qualities
  to protect the historic integrity of the property
  and its environment.

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Visual Compatibility
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Physical Compatibility

• Treatments and new work shall be physically
  compatible with the historic materials in terms
  of coefficients of expansion and contraction with
  changes in temperature, shrinking and swelling
  with changes in moisture, hardness, etc.

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Physical Compatibility
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Minimal Intervention

• Minimal intervention is the principle that
  usually the less change or alteration done to a
  cultural resource the more integrity the resource
  retains. If each generation makes major changes
  or alterations to a resource, sooner or later
  there is little or no resource left to preserve
  and pass on to future generations.

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Minimal Intervention
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Reversibility

• Reversibility is the principle that nothing
  should be done to a cultural resource that cannot
  be reversed or undone without permanent damage to
  the resource. In the future there may be better
  treatments. If irreversible treatments are
  undertaken, the cultural resource may have
  permanent damage and may be prevented from better
  treatments developed in the future.

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Reversibility

• Simone Rodia Towers
  NHL, Watts, CA

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Reversibility
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Secretary of the Interiors Standards for
Rehabilitation

• David W. Look, FAIA
• National Park Service
• Pacific West Region
• Oakland, California

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PreservationWork, including preliminary
measures to protect and stabilize the property,
generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance
and repair of historic materials and features
rather than extensive replacement and new
construction.
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Secretary of the Interiors Standards for
Historic Preservation Projects

• Preservation
• Restoration
• Rehabilitation
• Reconstruction

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Standards are based on

• Research Documentation
• Authenticity Integrity
• Compatibility
• Minimal Intervention
• Reversibility

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Preservation is defined as the act or process of
applying measures necessary to sustain the
existing form, integrity, and materials of an
historic property. Work, including preliminary
measures to protect and stabilize the property,
generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance
and repair of historic materials and features
rather than extensive replacement and new
construction. New exterior additions are not
within the scope of this treatment however, the
limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing systems and other
code-required work to make properties functional
is appropriate within a preservation project
NPS.
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Preservationis defined as the act or process of
applying measures necessary to sustain the
existing form, integrity, and materials of an
historic property.
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PreservationNew exterior additions are not
within the scope of this treatment however, the
limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing systems and other
code-required work to make properties functional
is appropriate within a preservation project
NPS.
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Preserve
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Preservation

• Focuses on the Maintenance and Repair
• of Existing Historic Materials
• and Retention of a Propertys form
• as it has Evolved Over Time

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Rehabilitation

• is defined as the act or process of making
  possible a compatible use for a property through
  repair, alterations, and additions while
  preserving those portions or features which
  convey its historical, cultural, or architectural
  values NPS.

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Rehabilitation

• Acknowledges the Need to Alter
• or Add to a Historic Property to
• Meet Continuing or Changing Uses
• While Retaining the Property
• Historic Character