Motives for Exploration

1
Motives for Exploration

• 1400s Europe is recovering from the plague
• A need for new goods grows
• Products most desired Spices
• Cinnamon, Pepper, nutmeg
• Used for food, medicine, perfume, etc.
• Europe used the Italian and Muslim traders to get
  the goods
• They wanted a direct route

2
Tools of the trade

• Cartographers map makers
• Astrologers used the stars to navigate using and
  astrolabe (tool used to find the latitude of a
  sea)
• Latitude Measures distance north or south of the
  Equator
• Longitude Measures distance east or west of the
  Prime Meridian

3
Portuguese are the first

• Led by Prince Henry
• Redesigned ships, made maps, trained sailors
• Bartholomeu Dias Sailed to the south most tip of
  Africa (1488)
• Vasco da Gama First explorer to reach India
  established a trading empire in India

4
Christopher Columbus

• Italian sailor
• Sought to reach India by sailing west
• Supported by Ferdinand Isabella of Spain
• 1492 Columbus reached the Caribbean but thought
  it was west India
• Called the natives Indians

5
The New World

• Fought over by Spain Portugal
• The issue was settled by Pope Alexander VI who
  drew a Line of Demarcation to separate Spanish
  land from Portuguese land
• Called America because a German cartographer
  named it after Amerigo Vespucci

6
Magellan

• Sept. 20, 1519 Magellan begins in Spain to sail
  around the world
• Sails West and South around South America
• Continues west to the West Indies and finds the
  Philippines (Magellan would die here)
• The remaining crew reached Spain on Sept. 8, 1522

7
Conquistadors

• Spanish conquistadors (conquers) attacked the
  natives in the Caribbean
• Took gold ornaments
• Forced the natives to convert to Christianity
• Examples
• Hernan Cortes defeated Moctezuma and the Aztecs
  in Mexico
• Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas in South
  America

8
Spanish colonies

• 1500s Spain claimed all lands in the west from
  California to South America
• Spreading Catholicism was a main goal
• Conquistadors often used encomiendas (forcing the
  natives into slavery)
• Main goods were silver, gold, and sugar cane

9
French Colonies

• 1608 Samuel de Champlain built the first
  permanent French settlement at Quebec
• Catholic missionaries aided settlers
• Animal furs were the most popular product

10
English Colonies

• 1607 First permanent English colony is
  established at Jamestown, VA
• Tobacco was the 1 crop
• 1620 Pilgrims on the Mayflower land at Plymouth,
  MA
• 1620 Pilgrims sign the Mayflower compact
• 1600-1700 13 colonies are established by England

11
Colonial America
12
Life in the Colonies

• Governors of the Spanish and French colonies had
  sole control over the people
• Governors of the English colonies set up
  governments with representatives to run the
  colonies

13
Power struggles

• 1600-1700 Spain, France and England battle over
  control of America
• 1754-1763 French Indian War
• Battle between England France over the colonies
• 1756-1763 Seven year War
• World war between England France
• 1763 Treaty of Paris
• Britain now controls Canada, India, all land
  East of the Mississippi

14
Impact on the Indians

• 1600-1900 Colonists continued to force Indians
  off their land and often waged war against the
  Indians

15
Slavery

• Slavery had been in existence since ancient
  Mesopotamia
• 1400s 1st European settlements in Africa
• 1500s Spain England begin the Atlantic slave
  trade
• By 1800 An estimated 11 million African slaves
  had been sold

16
Triangular trading

• Step 1 Transport goods to Africa
• Step 2 Transport slaves to Caribbean
• Step 3 Transport Caribbean goods to Europe

17
Slave ships
18
Exploration Effects on Europe

• Brought a transfer of new goods an increase in
  population
• Increased Capitalism (investing money to make a
  profit)
• Increased Mercantilism (exporting more goods than
  it imports)