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Chapter 4: Formulating a Research Question

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Establishing a background (fig 4-1, p91) Choosing a topic. Formulating the question ... aggression: reduced by modeling (Bandura) or catharsis (Freud) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 4: Formulating a Research Question


1
Chapter 4Formulating a Research Question
  • Formulating Research Hypotheses
  • Replication Research
  • Designing Research for Utilization
  • Bias in Formulation of Research Questions
  • Summary

2
Formulating Hypotheses
  • Establishing a background (fig 4-1, p91)
  • Choosing a topic
  • Formulating the question
  • Definitions http//home.ubalt.edu/tmitch/kerlinger
    .htm
  • Maps http//www.psy.tcu.edu/peg/acapsy.htm
  • Review of literature
  • Formulate hypotheses
  • Designing the study
  • Writing the proposal (Schroeder et al., 85)

3
Formulating Hypotheses
  • Establishing a background (fig 4-1, p91)
  • Psychological, not sociological, economic
  • Observational unit
  • Use Psychological constructs
  • Psychological theory based
  • Choosing a topic (want to can do)
  • Bootstraps approach (lit review cycle)
  • Your area of interest (CO or IO or)
  • Feasibility
  • something you can manipulate (think theory)

4
Research Question
  • Formulating the question
  • Definitions http//home.ubalt.edu/tmitch/kerlinger
    .htm
  • Maps http//www.psy.tcu.edu/peg/acapsy.htm
  • Topic -gt question (e.g. jealousy)
  • A good question
  • asks about relationships among constructs
  • Researchable? Operational definitions adequate?
  • E.g. codependencya good construct?
  • Is it important? Will it advance theory?
  • Does it test competing theory
  • aggression reduced by modeling (Bandura) or
    catharsis (Freud)
  • Propositions central or peripheral?
  • (Locke Latham, 90) difficulty of goals who
    sets them?
  • Sources
  • Theory, intuition, prior research, practical
    problems, analogy (McQuire)

5
Formulating a Question
  • Review of literature
  • Purposes
  • Provides scientific context
  • Avoid duplication
  • Id potential problems in conducting the research
  • Types of information
  • Relevant theories
  • Previous research on the topic
  • Previous methods/procedures
  • Types of analyses (quant/qual corr/experimental/q
    uasi)
  • Primary v. secondary and Googlin
  • Peer review (Refereed) v. popular press
  • Lucy Holman (actual library) v. computer search
    (Google)

6
Formulating a Question
  • Formulate hypotheses
  • Research hypotheses
  • ifthen
  • Direction (pos v. negative) (one tail or two)
  • Statistical hypotheses
  • Stated in mean differences (IV-DV),
  • E.g. H1 Gp1 lt Gp2 Gp3
  • direction of relationship (corr)
  • E.g. will be significantly positively related

7
Formulating a Question
  • Designing the study
  • How research design
  • What to study operational definitions
  • Where to study lab, field
  • Whom to study population, sample, Ps
  • When cross sectional/longitudinal
  • Writing the proposal (Schroeder et al., 85)
  • Anticipates problems
  • What the results will tell you
  • Anticipates limitations
  • What if the null is supported/not supported?

8
Replication Research
  • Exact
  • Conceptual
  • Different setting, population, method
  • Implications of replication
  • Generalizing theory and / or findings
  • Type I and type II errors
  • Which are more costly? (trick question)
  • Considerations
  • Importance of hypotheses
  • Adds new information? (risky shift group
    polarization)
  • Avoid Over duplication

9
Research for UtilizationApplied research
  • Knowledge Utilization
  • Truth test (give an example)
  • Utility test (give an example)
  • Design Considerations
  • IVs
  • Policy variables (manipulate them) (example?)
  • Estimator variables (measure them) (example?)
  • DVs
  • Outcomes (utility and value)
  • Research population (use appropriate one)
  • Research Setting (to fit external reality)

10
Bias in Research Questions
  • Biased assumptions
  • Re importance of population
  • Assuming a general problem is applicable to only
    one group (girls contraception)
  • Biased theory
  • Erroneous assumptions
  • E.g. women are masochistic
  • Avoiding Bias
  • Get a second opinion

11
Chapter 4Formulating a Research QuestionSummary
  • Formulating Research Hypotheses
  • Replication Research
  • Designing Research for Utilization
  • Bias in Formulation of Research Questions
  • Summary
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