Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats, World Bank Perspective

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Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and
Habitats, - World Bank Perspective

• Tor Ziegler
• The World Bank

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Outline of Presentation 1

• World Bank Group and mission statement
• World Bank practice?
• The portfolio
• Frameworks for todays reality
• Policy Paper on Water Resources Management
• The World Bank Safeguard Policies
• Enabling Global Initiatives
• The World Water Vision 2000
• The World Commission on Dams 2000
• The Global Environmental Facility

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Outline of Presentation 2

• Enabling Frameworks Environmental Water
  Resources Sector Strategies, the bone
• Some meat on the bone
• The Mekong water utilization project
• Lesotho Highlands
• Manantali
• BNWPP Dams, and Environmental Flow Windows
• Challenges to Modelers
• Partnership opportunities?

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World Bank GroupFounded in 1945 Bretton Woods
Institution

• International Bank for Reconstruction and
  Development (IBRD) - 1945
• market-based loans to middle-income countries
  (per capita income between 1,506 and 5,445)
• not a profit-maximizing institution
• International Development Association (IDA) -
  1960
• interest-free loans, 35-40 years maturity
• per capita income less than 885
• capitalized by donor contributions

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• International Finance Corporation (IFC) - 1956
• private sector investments
• loan and equity
• profit-oriented
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
  - 1988
• non-commercial risk guarantees to investors
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment
  Disputes (ICSID) - 1966
• settlement of investment disputes by arbitration

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Mission

• Our dream is a world free of poverty
• To fight poverty with passion and professionalism
  for lasting results.
• To help people help themselves and their
  environment by providing resources, sharing
  knowledge, building capacity, and forging
  partnerships in the public and private sectors.
• To be an excellent institution able to attract,
  excite, and nurture diverse and committed staff
  with exceptional skills who know how to listen
  and learn.

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World Bank Practice?The Water Portfolio

• Globally, about 60 billion a year is invested
  in water - the Bank only contributes 5 (half of
  all ODA)
• Within the Bank, water has averaged about 14 of
  lending
• Between 1985-98 the Bank invested 33 billion in
  over 70 countries
• One third to EAP, a fifth each to LAC and SAR
• More than half to only five countries China,
  India, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil

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World Bank Practice?Recent lending for dams
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Frameworks for todays reality1993 World Bank
policy paper on WRM

• Introduction (Water problems, Policy objectives,
  Country focus, International concerns about WRM)
• Conditions and challenges in managing water
  resources (Problems of management, Trends in
  demand and supply, International water resources)
• Improving water resources management
  (Comprehensive approach, Institut. regulatory
  systems, Incentives, Health environmental res.,
  International WR)
• The role of the World Bank (Experience, Areas of
  involvement, Implications f. operations,
  Proc/staff/train)

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Why Is Water Resources Management Critical
Population Growing
Economy Growing
Constant amount of water in the cycle
Increasing demand for water
Growing pollution
Increased competition for scarce water
Need for allocation and conflict resolution
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Enabling Environment
ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY
Enabling environment
Management Instruments
Institutional Roles
Central-local Public-private River basin
Policies Legislation
Assessment Information Allocation tools
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
SOCIAL EQUITY
The ENABLING ENVIRONMENT sets the rules, the
INSTITUTIONAL ROLES and functions define the
players who make use of the MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS
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Comprehensive Framework for Water Resources
Management
Integrated Water Resources Management

• Policies
• Strategies
• Institutions
• Instruments

Pollution control Wetlands Fisheries Biodiversity
Energy Navigation Flood management
Water Supply and Sanitation
Irrigation and drainage
People
Food Security
Environment
Other
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World Bank Safeguard Policies

• Umbrella Process
• Environmental Assessment
• Cautionary/Limiting
• Natural habitats
• Safety of dams
• International Waterways

• Cautionary/Limiting (continued)
• Forestry
• Resettlement
• Indigenous Peoples
• Cultural Property
• Pest Management
• Disputed Areas

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Requests to the Inspection Panel
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The World Water CouncilWorld Water Vision (Hague
2000)

• Participatory outreach process for creating
  visions for water and -people, -food nature
• Regional perspectives on the long-term issues of
  water
• Consolidated vision document, - needs assessment
• Mobilization of political will
• Behavioral change by all
• -- mechanisms must be found whereby those who
  use water inefficiently have incentives to desist
  and transfer that water to higher-valued uses,
  including environmental purposes

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World Commission on Dams1998-2000
multi-stakeholder composition

• Facilitated by World Bank Group IUCN
• Mandated to review the development effectiveness
  of large dams and develop a framework for options
  assessment, criteria and guidelines to advise
  future decision-making
• Case-studies, thematic reviews, regional hearings
• Recommendations for decision making based on 5
  core values, 7 strategic priorities, 26
  guidelines
• Dissemination and follow-up programs

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WCD on Environmental Assessment
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(No Transcript)
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Global Environmental FacilityAn international
financial entity

• 4 GEF program areas
• Conserve bio-diversity and improve ecosystems
  management to secure better livelihoods for
  people
• Save energy, promote renewable technologies,
  reduce reliance on less efficient technologies
  that can cause air-pollution and contribute to
  climate change
• Address the degradation of trans-boundary waters
• Assist transitional economies in phasing out
  ozone-depleting chemicals
• 1994-98, US 2 bill. 1998 - US 2.75 bill.

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Generic Table of Contents for World Bank Sector
Strategies

• Development Context
• Stocktaking and Evaluation
• Bank Comparative Advantage
• Strategic Options and Business Implications

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Portfolio review and country-hearings to discuss

• Relevance
• 1 Are we doing the right things?
• right sectors? right issues? right places? right
  risks?
• Effectiveness
• 2 Are we using the right tools?
• 3 Do we make good use of partnerships?
• 4 Do we have the right people and organization
  to help?
• 5 Are we using the Banks access outside of the
  water sector?
• 6 Are we dealing effectively with the political
  economy of reform?

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... conclusions...on substance...

• River basin management
• Lots of words but little is happening on the
  ground....
• e.g. not a single functioning basin agency in
  Mexico or Brazil or Yemen or Philippines or
  Thailand or India...
• first-rate Bank assistance helping in Ceara,
  Brazil...
• major challenge for the Bank in terms of when and
  how we get involved.
• Tentative strategy for the Bank get involved
  where there are real problems to solve and
  diverse interested actors who want to solve
  them...

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... conclusions...on substance...

• Environmental issues
• Instream flows -very little in projects - Lesotho
• Water quality management -- have done little
• Watershed management
• a new and exciting area, with excellent results
  in India and Brazil...
• needs to be integrated with WRM and
  generalized...
• can be done even in the absence of major overall
  reforms..
• Need for sustainability criteria

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Sustainability Criteria (Gleick, 1995)

• A minimum water requirement is guaranteed (and
  realized) to all humans to maintain human health.
• Sufficient water is guaranteed to restore and
  maintain the health, services and functions of
  ecosystems. Specific amounts will vary depending
  of climatic and other conditions. Setting these
  amounts will require flexible and adaptive
  management.
• Data on water resources availability, use, and
  quality are collected and accessible to all
  stakeholders.
• Water quality is maintained to meet agreed
  standards.
• Human actions in the basin do not impair the
  long-term renewability of freshwater stocks and
  flows.
• Institutional mechanisms exist to resolve
  conflicts over water.
• Water planning and decision making are
  participatory and all affected stakeholders are
  represented

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... conclusions...on substance...

• International Waters
• regional seas (Baltic, Black), lakes (Victoria,
  Ohrid), rivers (Mekong, Danube, Nile),
  groundwater (Guarani, Western Africa)
• GEF-supported
• WB comparative advantage convening power, human
  capital.
• Rules of engagement high risk - high return,
  demonstrated commitment, shared vision,
  secretariat

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What are the main challenges ahead?
A DELICATE BALANCE
Water for LIVELIHOOD
Water as a RESOURCE
Water and sanitation for PEOPLE Rainfall and
irrigation water for FOOD Water for the economic
functions of ECOSYSYEMS
maintaining the RESOURCE BASE, both surface and
groundwater - and biodiversity
while.
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From Rhetoric to ActionMeat on the bone

• Cases
• Mekong Water Utilization Project
• Lesotho Highlands, DRIFT
• Manantali Dam, Senegal River

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Mekong Water Utilization ProjectOperationalizatio
n of key elements of 1995 Agreement on
Cooperation for Sustainable Development of
Mekong Basin

• Period 2000 - 2007
• Formulation adoption of basin development plan
• 03 Functional, integrated basin modeling package
  
• 03 Inst. test water knowledge base and info
  syst.
• 04 Protoc. for info exch., monitor. notif.
  Proced.
• 05 Adopt provis. instr. flow rules (incl. min.
  flow)
• Input Hydrological and hydraulic modeling
  purchase commercial software and hardware
  Supplemental data collection etc integration of
  existing data-bases training of staff
  consultations on modeling results for formulating
  rules of utilization

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Lesotho Highlands 11986 treaty L/SA for 70 cms
interbasin transfer from LH to Johannesburg
region reassessment, EF-scenarios developed

• 1986 treaty specified 0.5 0.3 cms minimum flow
• 1990s political transformation, SA water law
  environmental reserve, downstream concerns
• Application of DRIFT-methodology, Downstream
  Response to Imposed Flow Transformation (King)
• Decision-making using scenarios not finalized yet
• However, redesign of Mohale dam outlet structure
  allowing 3-4 cms to pass as environmental flows,
  and up to 57 cms for artificial floods

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Lesotho Highlands 2DRIFT in decision-making
Source King et alia, 2001
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Lesotho Highlands 3The 4 modules of DRIFT
Source King et alia, 2001
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Lesotho Highlands 4Illustration of hydraulic
analysis
Source King et alia, 2001
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Manantali dam 1 (Senegal, Mali Mauritania, -
Senegal river)

• Unintended impacts of 1988 dam
• Outbreak of bilharzia
• Traditional flow recession agriculture hit
• Dry season pastures for herders
• Flood plain fisheries, proteins for locals
• Village drinking water supplies
• Flood forests and wetland areas

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Manantali dam ( Diama)Intended Water Charter

• Impact issues raised with WB in April 1996, - not
  earlier involved
• Credit negotiations with WB for 200 MW hydro
  transmission did include water management
  optimization program outline
• Nov. 1997 Dakar workshop reviewed proposed
  environmental impact mitigation and monitoring
  program
• Project launch workshop in Bamako, June, 1998
• Rainy seasons artificial flood test program 1997,
  98 99, Public information consultations,
  Advisory expert panel 99
• Ongoing Reservoir management planning for
  optimization of artificial floods, and addressing
  fisheries aspects, cost/benefit analysis, and
  preparation of Water Charter (WC)
• WC will establish water allocation under
  different hydrological conditions, expected to be
  adopted by the 3 Governments in 2001

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The Bank/Netherlands Water Partnership Program
(BNWPP)

• BNWPP Ecological Flow (EF) window supports
• Better integration of EF concepts into project
  -EA, -preparation appraisal
• Addressing existing projects that offer
  opportunities for introducing EF
• Instit. reforms that support leverage of EF
• EF initiatives related to allocation of
  international waters

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Challenges for Model-buildersHave to meet real
management needs!

• Work with in-country counterparts to build
  ownership to models and their applications
• Possibly develop model with client or modify
  standard models where source code is open
• Models need to be compatible with availability of
  input-data and their costs, design simple
  approximation solutions when data inadequate
• Man/machine interface and educating
  decision-makers in using decision support models,
  build confidence in use
• Promote use of models to form a basis for basic
  assessments, combined with monitoring and
  adaptive management when project implemented
• Produce a record/report/website of cases that
  convincingly demonstrates applications
• Support initiative to create regional expert
  nodes and networks in developing countries, -
  twinning with both north and south experts

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Challenges for Model-buildersShared
vision/scenario- building oriented

• Habitat and population dynamics modeling of
  tropical and sub-tropical aquatic ecosystems
• Wetland modeling in habitat, bio-diversity and
  bio-productivity context
• Seek cost-effectiveness, and keep an eye on
  rationing on data requirements
• Optimize cost/benefit if considering increasing
  data requirements to achieve improved model
  resolution and predictive capacity
• More field-tests and verification of findings
  from model simulations
• Models for assessment of GHG emission from
  reservoirs
• Integrated models for use in developing water
  resources strategies and as decision support
  for WRM River Basin trade-off/water allocation
  considerations
• Models that will support interstate
  upstream/downstream negotiations on shared rivers

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Web site www.worldbank.org

• All strategies and related documents on the web,
  including all background material