Italian Nationalism

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ITALIAN NATIONALISM and the creation of
united ITALY
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The Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Napoleon,
Naples by his brother-in-law and Rome by the Pope
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The Congress of Vienna restored the states and
old monarchies in 1815
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Nationalism began to rise with groups like the
secret Carbonari
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Three ideas for unification emerged Republic,
Monarchy, The Pope
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Giuseppe Mazzini formed the Young Italy movement
in 1831 to drive out foreign rule and create a
Republic of Italy
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King Victor Emmanuel I
The Kingdom of Sardinia became the hope of
monarchists
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The Neo-Guelphs favored unification under the
Pope
Vincenzo Gioberti
Pope Pius IX
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1848 Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against
state governments
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Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of
Italy in Rome, 1848
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The Revolutions of 1848-49 failed The French
restored Pope Pius IX Austria regained Lombardy
and Venetia
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Count Camilo di Cavour, Prime Minister of
Sardinia, became the leader of the pragmatic
movement to unite Italy
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Cavours goal Unite Italy under the
Constitutional Monarchy of Sardinia
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Cavour and Sardinia allied with Napoleon III and
France to drive Austria out of Italy
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1859 France and Sardinia drove Austria out of
Lombardy
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Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King
of Italy, March 1861
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Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily and
Naples
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Garibaldi met Victor Emmanuel II Naples was
annexed to Italy
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British cartoon showing the roles of Garibaldi
and King Victor Emmanuel II in uniting Italy
Right foot in the boot this time.
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After the Seven Weeks War, 1866, Italy gained
Venetia as the ally of victorious Prussia
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The French army remained in Italy until France
declared war on Prussia, July 1870
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When the French withdrew, the Papal States were
annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, September 1870
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Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the annexation
of the Papal States. He became the Prisoner of
the Vatican.
I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep
the keys!
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Italia Irredenta added after World War I
Italia Irredenta
Italia Irredenta
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Italia Irredenta
Gained in World War I
Italia Irredenta
Italia Irredenta
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Italy and the Vatican settled their differences
in the Lateran Pact of 1929.
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Italian Nationalist Heroes
Cavour The Head
Garibaldi The Sword
MazziniThe Soul
Victor Emmanuel IIThe Sovereign
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Summary of Italian Unification

• Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic Wars
• Congress of Vienna re-established separate
  states Austria became the dominant power
• Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead
  Italian unification
• Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of
  Italian Nationalism
• Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated
  creator of the force that created Italy
• Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of
  realpolitik who made the practical moves
  necessary for unification Constitutional
  monarchy was the compromise
• Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830,
  1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the
  nation
• Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church
  reconciled

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The End