Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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Chapter 4

• Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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Outline

• Tissue Types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Body Cavities
• Body Membranes
• Organ Systems
• Integumentary System
• Homeostasis

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Types of Tissues

• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized
  cells that perform a common function.
• Categorized into four groups.
• Epithelial.
• Connective.
• Muscular.
• Nervous.

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Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed
  cells forming a continuous layer that serve in
  protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and
  filtration.
• Named according to shape of cell.
• Squamous - Flattened.
• Cuboidal - Cubed.
• Columnar - Column.

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Epithelial Tissue
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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

• Tight junction
• Gap junction
• Adhesion junction

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Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue serves many functions including
  binding organs, providing support and protection,
  and producing red blood cells.
• Separated by matrix of fibers.
• Collagen fibers.
• Reticular fibers.
• Elastic fibers.

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Types of Connective Tissue
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Types of Connective Tissue

• Blood.
• Matrix is made of plasma, not cells.
• Transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.
• Plasma.
• Formed Elements.
• Red blood cells.
• White blood cells.
• Platelets.

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Blood
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Muscular Tissue

• Muscle (contractile) tissue composed of muscle
  fibers.
• Contain actin filaments and myosin filaments.
• Three types of muscle fibers.
• Skeletal muscle.
• Smooth muscle.
• Cardiac muscle.

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Types of Muscle
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Types of Muscle
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Types of Muscle
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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue has three functions.
• Sensory input.
• Data integration.
• Motor output.
• Neuron (nerve cell) composed of three parts.
• Dendrites.
• Cell body.
• Axon.
• Neuroglia service and support neurons.

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Neuron and Neuroglia
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Body Cavities

• Ventral cavity divided into two parts.
• Thoracic cavity.
• Abdominal cavity.
• Dorsal cavity divided into two parts.
• Cranial cavity.
• Vertebral cavity.

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Fig. 4.8
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Body Membranes

• Mucous membranes.
• Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
  reproductive systems.
• Serous membranes.
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• Synovial membranes.
• Line freely movable joint cavities.
• Meninges.
• Found in dorsal cavity protecting brain and
  spinal cord.

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Organ Systems

• Maintenance of the Body.
• Digestive system.
• Receives and digests food.
• Cardiovascular system.
• Transports nutrients and oxygen.
• Lymphatic system.
• Collects and returns excess tissue fluid.

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Organ Systems

• Maintenance of the Body.
• Respiratory system.
• Brings oxygen in and takes carbon dioxide out.
• Urinary system.
• Rids body of nitrogenous wastes.

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Organ Systems

• Support and Movement.
• Skeletal system.
• Protects body parts.
• Muscular system.
• Moves body parts.

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Organ Systems

• Coordination and Regulation of Body Systems.
• Nervous system.
• Conducts nerve impulses.
• Endocrine system.
• Serves as messaging system maintaining
  homeostasis.

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Organ Systems

• Continuance of the Species.
• Reproductive system.
• Provides ability to reproduce.

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Integumentary System

• The integumentary system is the collection of
  skin and its accessory organs.
• Plays a significant role in maintaining
  homeostasis.
• Water Loss.
• Temperature.
• Synthesizes certain chemicals.
• Vitamin D.

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Integumentary System

• Regions of Skin.
• Epidermis.
• Stratified squamous epithelium.
• Dermis.
• Collagen and elastic fibers.
• Lies beneath epidermis.
• Subcutaneous layer lies below the dermis and is
  composed of loose connective tissue and adipose
  tissue.

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Accessory Organs of the Skin

• Nails.
• Hair Follicles.
• Oil Glands.
• Sweat Glands.

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Human Skin Anatomy
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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the
  bodys internal environment.
• Fluctuation around a particular value.
• Maintained by negative feedback.
• Brings about reversal of the change.
• Activated by deviation from set point.
• Positive feedback brings about greater change in
  same direction.

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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis and Body Temperature Regulation
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Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition
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Skin Cancer on the Rise

• Skin Cancer
• Melanoma or Nonmelanoma
• Some signs and symptoms
• Prevention