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Urban Air Quality and Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia

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Title: Urban Air Quality and Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia


1
Urban Air Quality and Sustainable Urban
Transportation in Asia
Bert Fabian Transport
Specialist, CAI-Asia
Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Transportation
and Safety 17-19 January 2007 Pampanga,
Philippines
Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia
Program
2
Outline of Presentation
  • Urban Air Quality in Asia
  • Sustainable Transportation Trends in Asia
  • CAI-Asia SUT Activities

3
Total Energy Consumption in Asia
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
4
Energy Mix in Asia 1990-2005
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
5
Oil Consumption, Million Tonnes
China, P.R. and India
Indonesia and Thailand
  • All the countries in Asia except for Hong Kong,
    India, Malaysia and Philippines exhibited
    increase in oil consumption from 2004 to 2005.
  • increase in oil consumption are lower than
    increase in coal consumption.

Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
6
Motorization Trends in Asia
7
2-wheelers and Per capita income
Source Bajaj Annual Report 2005-2006
  • Countries like Malaysia and Thailand have the
    highest per capita income and 2-wheelers per
    thousand people
  • Increasing per capita income and inefficient and
    poorly supported public transportation in Asian
    countries is seen to drive the increasing demand
    for individual motorized travel

8
Vehicle Growth Forecast in Asian Countries(in
Millions of Vehicles)
China, P.R.
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Note Vehicle Population Projection from Segment
Y Ltd
9
PM10 and CO2 Emissions Forecast
Thousand Tons of PM10
Million Tons of CO2
China, P.R.
Projected PM10 and CO2 are based on current
plans for emission (Euro) standards and fuel
efficiency targets in China and India
India
Source ADB, 2006
10
Status of Urban Air Quality in Asia
  • Ambient air quality in Asia is still generally
    improving despite continued increase in
    motorization and energy use
  • Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are
    improving
  • Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue
    to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines
  • Average ambient SO2 is in compliance with WHO
    guideline
  • NO2 close to guidelines
  • Insufficient information on O3 for reliable
    trend analysis
  • It is uncertain whether the observed improvements
    in air quality will be sustained

Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, mg/m3 (1993
to 2005)
11
Roadside versus Ambient Particulate Matter
Concentrations
Bangkok
  • Roadside particulate levels are always higher
    than ambient confirming that vehicles are major
    PM source
  • Increased number of policies on mobile sources
    (e.g. fuel quality and stricter emission
    standards) can help to close the gap between
    ambient and roadside levels

Hong Kong
12
Reducing Emissions from Mobile Sources
Transport Planning and Demand Management
Emissions Standards Vehicle Technology
Inspection Maintenance
Clean Fuels
13
Vehicle Emissions Standards
  • Compared to five years ago, more Asian countries
    have now adopted or have legislated plans to
    adopt stricter vehicle emissions standards as
    well as fuel standards
  • Emphasis has been on institutionalizing new
    vehicle emissions standards and not enough
    attention has been given in addressing emissions
    from in-use vehicles
  • More attention has been given as well to
    light-duty vehicles compared to heavy duty
    vehicles
  • One of the most pressing problem of Asian
    countries is the rapid increase in the motorcycle
    fleet but not enough attention has been given
    towards appropriate regulatory measures to
    control the associated emissions

14
Vehicle Emissions Standards (new light duty
vehicles)
Italics under discussion a gasoline b
diesel c Entire country d Delhi and other
cities Euro 2 introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai in 2001 Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be
introduced e Beijing and Guangzhou (as of 01
September 2006) have adopted Euro 3 standards
Shanghai has requested the approval of the State
Council for implementation of Euro 3 f Euro 4
for gasoline vehicles and California ULEV
standards for diesel vehicles g Gasoline
vehicles under consideration
Source CAI-Asia, 2006
15
Land-use Planning and Transportation
  • Land-use planning, perhaps the most powerful
    regulatory tool that can be used to address
    vehicular emissions, is still seldom used by most
    Asian countries
  • Governments and development institutions have
    started to place an increasing emphasis on urban
    transportation issues, particularly on public
    transportation
  • International organizations have acknowledged the
    direct relationship between climate change
    mitigation and the promotion of public
    transportation and have initiated several
    projects on this
  • Several countries in Asia have now started to
    develop sustainable urban transportation policies
    promoting public transportation, i.e. Bus-rapid
    transit
  • In China, the Vice Minister of Construction, Qui
    Baoxing, has ordered city authorities to improve
    and maintain cycling facilities and in to order
    to restore the countrys title as the "kingdom of
    bicycles"

16
Paradigm Shift in Urban Transportation Planning
(1)
Seoul - Asias Big Dig
The 6-lane Cheonggyecheon highway will soon be
transformed into a riverscape
17
Paradigm Shift in Urban Transportation Planning
(2)
  • Nihonbashi, one of the main historic areas in
    Tokyo sits oppressed under an eight-lane
    expressway
  • It was once the point from which distances in
    Japan were measured
  • A government project is now looking at ways to
    restore Nihonbashis old look
  • The recommendation is to transfer 2km of the
    Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway underground and
    create space along the river for waterside life
  • The committee looking at this issue believe that
    restoring the Nihonbashi area's cityscape to its
    original state serves as a basic guideline for
    urban renewal plans to be put together in the
    future

18
Bus Rapid Transit in Asia
Systems in operation (16)
Systems in planning or under construction (25)
Overall, more cities are now planning or
building BRT systems in Asia than cities planning
or constructing subway or light rail lines
Note List as of October 2006
19
China and India Urban Transportation Policy
  • Both China, P.R. and India have developed
    policies that call for the integration of
    transport system plans with urban development,
    equitable allocation of road space and increased
    investments on public transportation, including
    BRT, rail and non-motorized transportation
  • The National Development and Reform Commission
    (NDRC) Guideline states that the 11th Five-Year
    Plan of China, P.R. which started in 2006 will
    prioritize the development of public
    transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a
    key transport mode in mega cities.
  • The 2006 Indian National Urban Transport Policy
    vision is to recognize that people occupy
    center-stage in our (Indian) cities and all plans
    would be for their common benefit and well being
    i.e., invest on more on transport systems that
    encourage greater use of public transport and
    non-motorized modes instead of personal motor
    vehicles

20
Retrofitting Buses
  • Seoul has implemented a comprehensive project on
    retrofitting all its buses with after-treatment
    devices in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi
  • In 2005, over 29,000 vehicles were fitted with
    either diesel particulate filters or DOCs,
    according to the class of vehicle.
  • The scheme has now entered its Main Program
    phase, and in 2006 a further 83,000 vehicles will
    be fitted with after-treatment devices
  • In Tokyo, a program which started in 1999 has
    paved the way for the wide circulation of low
    sulfur diesel fuel and continuous regeneration
    DPFs
  • Several cities like Beijing, Bangkok, and Pune
    have pursued pilot projects on retrofitting
  • Retrofitting Euro 1 or pre-Euro 1 diesel buses
    with particulate filters (DPFs) has not proven to
    be an effective means to reduce urban air
    pollution unlike Euro 2 busses where impacts are
    more substantial

21
2-Stroke Gasoline Rickshaws
  • Several Asian cities have a big problem with
    emissions from 2-stroke gasoline three-wheelers
  • A trend has emerged on the complete ban of
    2-stroke three-wheelers in several Asian cities
  • In Delhi, 2-stroke rickshaws have been banned in
    favor of 4-stroke rickshaws that run on CNG and
    is now 100 free from 2-stroke gasoline rickshaws
  • In Kathmandu, a similar ban has been effected and
    prohibits the operations of such vehicles in the
    valley
  • Dhaka no longer allows the operations of 2-stroke
    rickshaws in the city
  • In Lahore start has been made in banning 2-stroke
    rickshaws and Karachi is considering it
  • Jakarta has introduced CNG bajajs in the city and
    have started to ban 2-stroke rickshaws

Note compiled from various sources
22
Electric Bikes in China, P.R.
  • Electric bikes in China increased from only
    40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005
  • Sales increased from about 7.5 million units in
    in 2004 to 10 million units in 2005
  • This dramatic growth has been largely due to
    legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and
    bicycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several
    major Chinese cities
  • The most problematic issue with electric bikes is
    the use of lead acid batteries that have high
    lead loss rates during the production,
    manufacturing and recycling processes

Sources ADB, 2006 Cherry, 2006 Weinert, 2006
23
Natural Gas Vehicles
  • Emphasis have been on gasoline vehicle
    conversions to run on CNG in the past
  • A trend towards replacing diesel-fed public
    transportation modes with CNG is being adopted by
    several Asian countries
  • Several Asian countries, like Pakistan, India,
    and Indonesia have aggressively adopted measures
    to convert their existing 2-stroke rickshaws to
    CNG

Number of NGVs in selected Asian countries
Source Asian NGV Communications, Vol 1 Num 6,
August 2006
24
Biofuels
  • Ethanol
  • China and India are now the worlds third and
    fourth producers of ethanol in the world and
    accounted for a combined 5.4 billion liters in
    2004
  • As of July 2006, gasohol use in Thailand (E10)
    reached 3.5 million liters daily and available at
    3,000 pump stations nationwide a government
    mandate in 2007 will require the complete
    replacement of benzene octane 95 (petrol 95) with
    E10 and E20 blend will be introduced in 2009
  • The Philippines has mandated E5 gasoline by 2007
    and to E10 by 2010
  • Biodiesel
  • Biodiesel production have increased in Asia,
    particularly in Southeast Asia in the past years,
    with Malaysia and Indonesia leading the
    production of palm oils worldwide
  • The Philippines and Thailand have adopted
    policies that could lead to mandating as much as
    10 of biodiesel blend in marketed fuel
  • The Philippines has mandated a 1 blend of
    coco-methyl ester in diesel for government
    vehicles

Sources ADB, 2006 and http//thailand.prd.go.th/
the_pm_view.php?id1621
25
PSUTA An Overview
  • Review of Sustainable Urban Transport materials -
    (i) key resource persons (ii) key organizations
    on SUT (iii) SUT related projects (iv) SUT
    studies (v) important events on SUT and (vi)
    news items on SUT
  • Strategic Framework for Sustainable Urban
    Transport in Asia
  • Indicators for Sustainable Urban Transport (i)
    Indicator Training Manual and City Reports for
    Hanoi, Pune, and Xian

www.cleanairnet.org/psuta
26
SUMA Conceptual Framework
CAI-Asia Past and Present
  • Key Result Areas
  • Institutionalize of AQM and SUT knowledge
    management system at the regional, national and
    local levels in Asia
  • Enhance capacity for AQM and SUT of relevant
    stakeholders
  • Institutionalize AQM and SUT network at the
    regional, national and local levels
  • Increase number of policies for AQM and SUT
    developed at regional, national and local level
  • Increase number and strengthened implementation
    of AQM and SUT activities
  • Establish program coordination, monitoring and
    evaluation of SUT activities in Asia

Organizational Development
Knowledge Management
Capacity Building
Local Networks/ Partners
Policies
Investments
27
Building Partnerships
  • Importance of strong partnerships to ensure
    success
  • Initial partners in the SUMA program include
  • EMBARQ - World Resources Institute Transportation
    and Environment
  • United Nations Centre for Regional Development
  • GTZ SUTP German Agency for Technical
    Cooperation
  • Interface for Cycling Expertise
  • Institute for Transportation and Development
    Policy
  • Additional international partners will follow and
    efforts are made to bring in private sector as
    partner as well.
  • Strengthen partnerships with specialized local
    transport institutes such as CATS/CST-China,
    PUSTRAL- Indonesia, UP-NCTS-Philippines, TSDI-
    Vietnam, TRIPP-India etc.
  • Strengthen partnerships with relevant government
    agencies

28
Conclusions (2)
Contacts Bert Fabian hfabian_at_adb.org
www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia
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