Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East From 1919 to 193

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Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship Asia,
Latin America, and the Middle EastFrom 1919 to
1939
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The Rise of Nationalism

• Modern Nationalism
• The source of anti-colonialist sentiment was a
  new urban middle class of Westernized
  intellectuals
• Educated in Western style schools, spent time in
  the West, spoke Western languages, wore Western
  clothes, worked in jobs connected to colonialists
• Resented foreigners and their contempt for
  colonial people but admired Western culture
• Equality in economic opportunity and social class
  lacking for western educated natives
• Relegated to low level jobs in government or
  business

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Rise of Nationalism, contd

• Paid less than Europeans
• white only clubs, use of the familiar form of a
  language when addressing natives
• Educated natives began to organize political
  parties and movements seeking reforms or end of
  foreign rule and restoration of independence

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Religion and Nationalism

• Leaders tried to defend native economic interests
  or religious beliefs
• Burma Thakin
• Dutch East Indies Sarekat Islam
• Independence or modernization? The Nationalist
  Quandary
• Gradualist approach if the colonial regime was a
  source of reform
• If an impediment to change, independence a
  priority
• Incorporation of traditional way of life

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Gandhi and the Indian National Congress

• First Indian nationalists were upper-class and
  educated
• Urban
• Preferred reform to revolution
• Efforts won some measure of self-government
• Indian National Congress, 1885
• Sought self-determination for all Indians
• Religion will be a problem
• Nonviolent Resistance
• Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Returned from South Africa in 1915
• Satyagraha, non-violent resistance
• Mahatma, Great Soul
• Government of India Act, 1921
• Salt March

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Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, contd.

• Women played active role in movement
• 20,000 women, 10 of those arrested and jailed in
  demonstrations
• Marched, picketed foreign shops, promoted
  spinning and wearing homemade cloth
• Promoted social reforms womens education,
  birth control, abolition of child marriage, and
  universal suffrage
• Sarda Act raised minimum age of marriage to 14

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British India Between the Wars
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New Leaders and New Problems

• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
• New Anglo-Indian politician secular, rational,
  upper class, and intellectual
• Independence movements impulses
• Elite nationalism and primal force of Indian
  traditionalism
• Two paths
• Religious and secular
• Native and Western
• Traditional and modern
• Muslim League wanted separate Muslim state of
  Pakistan, Land of the Pure
• Communal strife increased between Hindus and
  Muslims

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Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East

• Decline of Ottoman Empire
• Young Turks
• T.E.Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and Egypt
• Mustapha Kemal and the Modernization of Turkey
• Colonel Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), Atatürk
• Created a secular republic
• Modernized the economy, written language, and
  education
• Broke the political power of the Islamic religion
  in Turkey

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Modernization of Iran

• Qajar dynasty (1794-1925)
• Problems with Russian advances to the Caucasus
• Constitution granted in 1906
• Influence of Russia and Great Britain
• Oil discovered, 1908
• Reza Khan (1878-1944) seizes power in 1921
• Wanted western style republic
• Pahlavi dynasty
• Changed the name of Persia to Iran
• Western-style education
• Rugs and oil

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Iran Under the Pahlavi Dynasty
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Nation Building in Iraq

• Emergence of a new political entity along Tigris
  and Euphrates rivers
• Region divided along ethnic and religious lines
  Shiite majority (rural), Sunni minority
  (cities), Kurdish population in northern
  mountains
• League of Nations placed country under British
  control in 1920
• King Faisal of Syria given titular authority
• Discovery of oil near Kirkuk, 1927
• Independence of Iraq in 1932

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The Rise of Arab Nationalism and the Issue of
Palestine

• Wahhabi revolt
• Arabs declared independence from Ottoman rule in
  1916
• Mandates of the League of Nations
• Iraq and Jordan assigned to Britain
• Syria and Lebanon assigned to France
• Palestine was a separate mandate
• Balfour Declaration, 1917
• Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, created 1932
• Ibn Saud
• Discovery of oil
• Jewish immigration into Palestine

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Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa

• Marxism initially found irrelevant
• Marxist view of the colonial world
• Lenin and anti-colonialism
• Nationalist leaders did not want egalitarian
  society
• Lenin and the East
• Trained foreign agents to spread Marxism in their
  countries, Communist International, or Comintern
• By end of 1920s, almost every colonial or
  semicolonial society in Asia had a Marxist party
• In Middle East, Marxism had less success but
  appealed to urban minorities (Jews and Armenians)

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The Appeal of Communism

• Doctrine states that rank and file should be
  urban factory workers
• In reality, members were urban intellectuals or
  lower middle class attracted because of
• Patriotic reasons way to remove colonizers
• Egalitarian communism and classless society
• Secular ideology Communist parties attempted to
  adapt Marxist doctrine to indigenous values and
  institutions to gain broader appeal.
• Baath party (Syria)
• African road to socialism
• In 1930s, Communist parties in most colonial
  societies had little success

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Revolution in China

• Revolutionary Marxism had greatest impact in
  China
• Chinese Communist party (CCP), 1921
• General Yuan Shikai, President
• Ruled in traditional manner, reviving Confucian
  rituals and institutions, founding a new imperial
  dynasty
• Clashes with Guomindang or Nationalist Party
• Defeated Sun Yat Sen who fled to Japan
• China slipped into semianarchy upon Yuans death
  due to disintegration of central power and
  military warlords seizing power in provinces

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Student Demonstrations in Beijing
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Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy The New Culture
Movement

• New Culture Movement
• Aimed at abolishing the remnants of the old
  system and introducing Western values and
  institutions into China
• Introduce a mix of new ideas
• Protest against Japanese efforts to expand its
  influence into the mainland
• Twenty-one demands by Japan in 1915
• China accepted the Versailles Peace Conference
  decision
• By 1920, central authority had collapsed in China
• Northern Expedition, 1926-1928
• Shanghai massacre, April 1927
• Mao Zedong

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Nationalist-Communist Alliance

• Central authority collapsed
• Two competing forces Sun Yat-sens Nationalist
  Party and CCP formed alliance to oppose warlords
  and drive imperial powers out
• Northern Expedition in 1926
• Tensions between parties surfaced
• Sun Yat-sen died and succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek
  (traitor)
• Reign of Terror in Shanghai killed thousands of
  CCP
• Mao Zedong
• Chinese revolution based on peasants in the
  countryside

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The Nanjing Republic

• Chiang Kai-Shek formed new republic at Nanjing
• Attempt to put an end to the communists
• The Long March
• Chiang and political and economic reforms
• Poverty in the countryside
• Nanjing government preoccupied with bourgeois
  values with few links with the peasants

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The Northern Expedition and the Long March
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The Best of East and West

• New Life Movement
• To propagate traditional Confucian social ethics
  (integrity, propriety, righteousness), while
  rejecting excessive individualism and material
  greed from Western capitalism
• Chiang repressed opposition and censored free
  expression, alienating intellectuals and
  political moderates
• Little success with land reform or in industrial
  development
• Economic and social problems internal
  disintegration, foreign pressure, collapse of
  global economic order, rise of militant political
  forces in Japan

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Down with Confucius and Sons Economic, Social,
and Cultural Change in Republican China

• Slow growth in the industrial sector
• Social Changes
• Educated youth attacked Confucian concept of the
  family, filial piety, and subordination of women
• Young people wanted right to choose own mates and
  careers
• Women demanded equal rights and opportunities
• Progressives called for end to duty to community
  and praised Western individualist ethos
• New values and behavior did not penetrate
  villages and rural life

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A New Culture

• Western literature and art became popular among
  urban middle class
• Call for new art that synthesize best of Chinese
  and foreign culture
• Creative artists imitated foreign trends
• Traditionalists concerned with preservation
• Literature influenced by foreign ideas novel
  and short story
• Social realism clear contempt for past

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Japan Between the Wars

• Experiment in Democracy
• Introduction of democratic ideas
• Genro (ruling oligarchy)
• Expanded suffrage
• Marxist labor movements and ultranationalists
• Literature
• A Zaibatsu Economy
• Manufacturing processes concentrated in a single
  enterprise
• Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda
• Shidehara Diplomacy
• Need for raw materials and markets for goods
• Washington Conference, 1922
• Diplomatic and economic means to achieve
  objectives
• Need for resources for heavy industry
• Growing feeling that the diplomacy of the1920s
  had failed

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Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America

• Latin America affected by World War I and Great
  Depression
• The Economy and the United States
• Beginning of 20th C, almost all of Latin America
  achieved independence
• Economy based on export of foodstuffs and raw
  materials
• Argentina beef and wheat
• Chile nitrates and copper
• Brazil and Caribbean nations sugar
• Central American states bananas

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Latin America, contd

• World War I - European investments declined
• Rise of U.S. role in local economy biggest
  investor in
• Chile and Peru copper mining
• Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia oil
• banana-republics and united Fruit Company
• Raised U.S. political influence in Latin America
  esp. in Central America and Caribbean
• Latin Americans growing feelings of hostility
• Good Neighbor Policy
• Impact of the Great Depression
• Fall in Latin American exports
• Decline in foreign revenues
• Encouraged development of new industries
• Chile and Brazil steel
• Argentina and Mexico oil
• Government investment replaced local sources of
  capital

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The Effects of Dependence

• Domination by an elite minority
• Argentina
• Hipólito Irigoyen (1852-1933)
• Brazil
• Military overthrows the monarchy
• Getulio Vargas (1883-1954)
• Autocratic
• Mexico
• Institutional Revolutionary Party
• Lázaro Cárdenas (1895-1970)
• Land redistribution
• Seizes oil industry
• Latin American Culture
• Diego Rivera (1886-1957

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Latin America in the First Half of the Twentieth
Century
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Struggle for the Banner
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Discussion Questions

• What were the various stages in the rise of
  nationalist movements in Asia and the Middle
  East, and what problems did they face?
• How did Japan address the problems of nation
  building in the first decades of the 20th C, and
  why did democratic institutions not take hold
  more effectively?
• What problems did the nations of Latin America
  face in the interwar years? To what degree were
  they a consequence of foreign influence?