Title: Chem 107 Exploration of the Chemistry of Plants Introduction to the General and Organic Chemistry of
1Chem 107 Exploration of the Chemistry of Plants
Introduction to the General and Organic
Chemistryof Plant Pigments, Perfumes and Poisons
Welcome to
Margareta Séquin Dept. of Chemistry and
Biochemistry San Francisco State University Fall
Semester 2007
2Instructor Dr. Margareta Séquin http//userwww.sf
su.edu/msequin Office Science 106 C Office
Hours Tu 10 11, Th 1 2pm, and by appt.
e-mail msequin_at_sfsu.edu
For phone messages 415 405-0315
3http//userwww.sfsu.edu/msequin
4(No Transcript)
5Fall 2006 CHEM 107 Exploration of the Chemistry
of Plants Level GE 3 units TuTh 810 - 925
Thornton Hall 327 Lectures with pictures, demos,
hands-on activities, practice examples,
quizzes Required Text Chem107 Reader (available
at SFSU Bookstore)
6- Exams and Grading
- - Seven 20 minute Quizzes, each worth 20 Points,
about every two weeks - Thursdays, 9/6, 9/20, 10/4, 10/18, 11/1, 11/29,
- and 12/20 (810 am, Final Exam Day)
- The weakest quiz grade is dropped (thus 6
counting quizzes). - NOTE If you miss more than one quiz, the quiz
counts as 0 pts. - 10 minute Miniquizzes (each worth 2 pts.)
- at the end of most lectures.
- No make-up quizzes!
7- At the end of the semester
- Final Paper
- (see backside of syllabus)
- worth 70 Points
- due Dec.13
- on a plant chemistry topic
- approved by your instructor
-
8Th 935 - 1225 (one unit), TH 713http//userwww
.sfsu.edu/msequin
CHEM 108 Lab (optional) Exploration of the
Chemistry of Plants
9Lets begin with Plant Chemistry!
10In your Reader Periodic Chart of the Elements
Vertical columns Groups
Horizontal Rows Periods
11Periodic Chart of the Elementshttp//www.mii.org/
periodic/MIIperiodicChart.html
Transition Elements
12Table of Contents of your Reader
INTRODUCTION Plant nutrients Elements, ions,
compounds Atoms and Ions Compounds Carbon
dating Secrets of ordinary dirt The chemistry
and structure of soils Plant nutrients in more
detail No life without water, H2O How salts and
minerals dissolve Osmosis and why a high salt
concentration creates problems for plants Plants
need oxygen Why oxygen and nitrogen dissolve
poorly in water The pH of water and
soils Acids and bases
13Elements
An element is a pure substance that cannot be
further separated by any chemical method. It is
composed of one kind of atoms. An element is
listed in the Periodic Chart! Elements can
consist of atoms, like carbon (C), or iron (Fe),
or of molecules like N2 for nitrogen gas, or O2
for oxygen. Elements are rarely found in their
elemental form in plants. They occur either as
ions or as parts of compounds.
14In your Reader Periodic Chart of the Elements
Vertical columns Groups
Horizontal Rows Periods
15Compounds
Compounds consist of molecules, in which two or
more types of elements are linked by chemical
bonds. Examples H2O NH3 glucose, C6H12O6
Molecules vary greatly in size!
16Green Chlorophyll
C55H72MgN4O5
17Practice
Element or compound? H2O C (charcoal) C12H22O11
(sucrose) O2 NH3 (ammonia)
18Table of Contents of your Reader
INTRODUCTION Plant nutrients Elements, ions,
compounds Atoms and Ions Compounds Carbon
dating Secrets of ordinary dirt The chemistry
and structure of soils Plant nutrients in more
detail No life without water, H2O How salts and
minerals dissolve Osmosis and why a high salt
concentration creates problems for plants Plants
need oxygen Why oxygen and nitrogen dissolve
poorly in water The pH of water and
soils Acids and bases
19PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
PLANTS Chemical reactions in plants The
essential reaction for life Photosynthesis Provi
ding energy Respiration Glucose, a key molecule
from photosynthesis Glucose and some of its
functions Practice with simple organic
molecules Sugars, amino acids, fats and oils
Sugars and sweet nectar in flowers Amino
acids, building blocks for proteins Lipids
protective and energy-rich fats and
oils Polymers with many functions Starch and
cellulose carbohydrate polymers Lignins the
structural material of woody plants Proteins
structure, storage and enzyme action Nucleic
acids Genetic information
20- PLANT ATTRACTANTS
- Plant odors volatile organic molecules
- Pigments molecules that trap parts of sunlight
- The Nature of Light
-
- Green chlorophyll, the pigment of photosynthesis
- Orange, yellow and red carotenoids
- Off-white and yellow flavonoids
- Purple, blue, bluish-red and pink anthocyanins
- Betacyanins, the reds of bougainvillea, red beets
and cactus flowers
21 CHEMICAL DEFENSE IN PLANTS Defensive smell and
taste Strong odors of essential oils Sulfurous
odors Mustard oils and onion smell Phenolics
and tannins Sour Acids Sticky gums and
resins Plant poisons Cyanogenic glycosides
release cyanide Alkaloids Most famous among
plant poisons Saponins Soapy and bitter
steroid glycosides Cardiac glycosides and
animals that use them for their own protection
22 HUMANS AND PLANTS Plants and Foods Plant
Dyes Plants and Drugs Plant Medicines
23Green chlorophyll