eScholarship: Transforming Scholarly Communication

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eScholarship Transforming Scholarly Communication

• Roy Tennant
• California Digital Library

escholarship.cdlib.org/rtennant/presentations/2004
tla/
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Outline

• The Issue
• Methods of Transformation
• The Service Layer
• The Changing Landscape
• Where To From Here?

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The Issue

• The existing paradigm of scholarly communication
  is broken
• Meanwhile
• new technologies and
• new players (i.e., libraries) who are highly
  motivated to get involved are beginning to
• offer reasonable alternatives
• So how broken is broken? Let us count the ways

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Economics

• From 1986-2000 the CPI rose 57, while journal
  prices rose 227!
• Typical research library spent 170 more on
  serials in 1999 than 1986, but number of titles
  declined by 6!
• Under a recent site license, UC paid 31 cents a
  second for access to Elsevier titles!

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Access

• Much of the scholarly and research literature is
  locked behind the walls of commercial systems
• As library budgets fail to keep up, more
  literature effectively disappears
• Problem is particularly acute for developing
  nations
• End result research and scholarship suffers

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Methods of Transformation

• Institutional Repositories
• Open Access Journals
• Open Access Books
• New Forms of Communication

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Institutional Repositories

• Strategy for an institution (e.g., research
  university) to retain its own intellectual
  property and free it up for others
• Various software platforms
• ePrints
• bepress
• DSpace
• and implementation strategies

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eprints
http//library.caltech.edu/digital/
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http//repositories.cdlib.org/
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eScholarship Repository Under the Hood
Professor
Admin Asst.
Emails MS Word paper to
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http//dspace.mit.edu/
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Institutional Repository Implementation Strategies

• Author upload (Harnads self-archiving
  strategy)
• Centralized upload (e.g., the library)
• Distributed upload (e.g., administrative
  assistants w/in university departments or
  research units)
• Some are focused on papers only, while others
  accept nearly anything
• Some are focused on solely on preprints, while
  others are encouraging postprints

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Open Access Journals

• Peer-reviewed publications with no licensing cost
  (free to access)
• Example business models
• Professional society sponsorship (e.g., Canadian
  Medical Association Journal, Project Euclid )
• Institutional sponsorship (e.g., University of
  California eScholarship Repository journals)
• Page charges by non-profit publisher (e.g.,
  Public Library of Science journals)

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Professional society sponsored
http//www.cmaj.ca/
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http//projecteuclid.org/
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http//repositories.cdlib.org/jmie/sfews/
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http//plos.org/

• PLoS

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Open Access Books

• Growing pockets of scholarly texts
• Typical formats
• HTML
• XML sent as HTML to the browser
• Adobe Acrobat (PDF)
• Main players libraries, university presses,
  scholarly societies, government agencies

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http//texts.cdlib.org/escholarship/
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eScholarship Editions Under the Hood
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New Forms of Communication

• F.W. Lancasters stages of electronic
  publication
• Computers used to generate print-on-paper
  publications.
• E-texts that are exact equivalents of printed
  versions
• E-texts that only exist electronically, but
  without taking special advantage of the medium
• E-texts that take advantage of the electronic
  media's nature
• Most efforts highlight so far are stage 2 or 3
• But there are some glimmers of truly new forms

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The Changing Landscape

• New Publishing Partnerships
• New Tools
• New Standards and Protocols

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New Publishing Partnerships

• Libraries are in many cases becoming online
  publishers for other entities
• Examples
• California Digital Library (university presses)
• Cornell University Library (prof. societies)
• Stanford University Library via HighWire Press
  (prof. societies)

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http//highwire.stanford.edu
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New Tools

• Publishing platforms (e.g., DSpace, Open Journal
  System, Edikit, dynaXML, etc.)
• Gather/organize/annotate/publish systems (e.g.,
  the Scholars Box)

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The Scholars Box in development by the
Interactive University project at UC Berkeley
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The Service Layer

• Finding open access journals
• Finding items of interest from institutional
  repositories
• Building search services

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http//www.doaj.org/
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http//oaister.org/
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Where To From Here?

• Universities should strive to capture their own
  intellectual output, and free it up for others
• Collectively, we can accomplish what no single
  institution can
• subvert the dominant paradigm! Power to the
  People!