Chapter 6 : Regional Security

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Chapter 6 Regional Security

• Rio Pact
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Anzus Treaty
• The US-Japanese Security Treaty
• Warsaw Pact

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UN Collective Security

• Korean Conflict USSR was boycotting Security
  Council, stopped it from using veto.
• Persian Gulf War the invasion of Kuveyt was
  going to result in the disappearence of one
  nation altogether.

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Security Alliances

• What initiated security alliances?
• The failure of UN collective security
• UN Charter permits
• collective self-defense
• regional arrangements

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Security Alliances

• Rio Pact, 1947
• Among many American
• countries
• An attack against one is
• to be considered an attack
• against them all this was
• known as the "hemispheric defense"
• doctrine.

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NATO Membership

• Created on 1949. IGO with limited membership.
• Purpose Safeguard Security and Freedom of
  members.
• Immediate security to Western Europe in case of
  threat by USSR.
• The original members were Belgium, Canada,
  France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
  Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom
  and the United States.

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NATO Membership

• Truman Doctrine US would oppose communism and
  support governments that were fighting communism
  domestically.
• Greece and Turkey joined in 1952. Problematic
  about Cyprus. Both had received US military
  assistance to fight communism.
• In 1955 West Germany and in 1982 Spain joined.
  West Germanys membership was problematic because
  of aggression in WWII.

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Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw Pact

• Warsaw Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact were
  formed in response to Western Germanys
  membership in NATO.
• Warsaw Treaty Organization defensive alliance
  formed by European Bloc states.
• Warsaw Pact patterned after NATO, Central Asian
  Republics and European Bloc states.

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NATO and the Warsaw Pact
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NATOs Role

• Members of NATO were able to avoid war with USSR,
  the Warsaw Pact and with each other for fifty
  years. Some incidents have challenged the unity.
• In 1956 US parted with France and UK in invasion
  of Egypt after the nationalization of the Suez
  Channel. US sided with USSR
• 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis USSR wanted missiles
  removal from Turkey in return for removal from
  Cuba.
• 1964 UN established a peace keeping force, with
  no success in Cyprus. Turkey invaded Cyprus in
  1974 generating a political crisis at UN and
  NATO. Greece withdraw its military forces from
  Cyprus and did not rejoin NATO until 1980.

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NATO Structure

• The North Atlantic Council (NAC) permanent
  members, highest level of political leadership
• Defense Planning Committee and Nuclear Planning
  Group responsible for developing conventional
  and nuclear collective defense strategies
• Military Committee responsible from recommending
  to political authorities strategies and
  requirements for the defense of member states.

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28 countries
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NATO Expansion

• 1989-1991 End of Cold War , end of a common
  enemy
• Communist Governments across Europe collapsed.
• Berlin Wall torn down.
• Warsaw Pact disbanded.
• Unification of Germany in 1990.
• USSR disintegrated in 1991.
• Invitations made to Poland, Hungary, Czech
  Republic.
• Later with the other states joining membership
  increased to include 28 states (in 2009).
• Open Door Policy

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NATO Expansion Realists

• They oppose the expansion. There is no common
  enemy, expansion serves to facilitate NATOs
  decline.
• It transforms itself into a multipurpose and
  political IGO. Too many goals other than
  security.
• The commitments that NATO makes are not credible
  anymore. Conflict might also come form within.

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NATO Expansion Liberals

• Best opportunity for stability in post-Cold War
  Europe.
• Previously NATO helped France and Germany become
  reconciled, it stabilized relations between
  Greece and Turkey, it brought Italy and Spain
  into the family of European democracies.
• The initial costs of NATO expansion are made for
  the future. It might help to protect human rights
  within those societies.
• Can promote economic and political reforms within
  new member states.

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NATO Expansion continued..

• Marxists NATO members are more interested in
  market expansion than democratic reforms in the
  new member countries. Germany has the most at
  stake with large investments in those states.
• Russian officials have opposed the expansion. It
  serves the political interests of Germany.
• Feminists Applaud over unilateral security
  policies. Collective action will stop aggressive
  behavior.

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NATO today

• Traditionally NATO military forces have
  implemented UN Security Council decisions. China
  and Russia are suspicious that NATO forces will
  intervene in internal affairs of states.
• NATOs intervention in Kosovo created crisis.
  NATO intervened in 1999 without UN Security
  Council authorization. China Embassy was bombed,
  created a refugee crisis, caused instability in
  Albania and Macedonia.

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NATO today

• NATO is very costly on the nations. US is less
  willing to pay much of cost. The peacekeeping in
  Bosnia costs 1 billion a year.
• Sep 11 2001 attacks confirmed the need for
  self-defense.
• French and German skepticism to the US spilled
  over to NATO as well. NATO opposes to get
  involved with the war in Iraq. But the new
  members such as Poland have joined the US.
• NATOs will continue to exists. Its faith depends
  on the Balkan conflict and the wars in Iraq and
  Afghanistan.

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Russia Cold war Rumblings

• CNN Nov 14 2008 Discussion on the NATO
  expansion.
• After Sep 11 2001 Putin stated that Russia
  doesnt want to become a member in NATO but would
  prefer to be a partner. They searched for ways of
  cooperating with NATO.
• Russia strongly opposes the possible membership
  of Ukraine and Georgia. The current leaders of
  Russia are coming from the Soviet Union and for
  them International politics is a Zero Sum Game.
  Russia is moving towards nationalism, which might
  pose threat for all the parties.
• With the government change US is questioning the
  political mistakes that has been done in the last
  seven years.

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NATO

• NATO alliances believe that alliance is still
  needed because threats to European security
  remain.
• According to former NATO Secretery General
  Islamic fundamentalism is at least as dangerous
  as communism was. Please do not underestimate
  it.
• In Turkey, critics say that we are moving toward
  Islamic democracy.
• Do you believe Islamic fundamentalism poses a
  threat? Do NATO members need a common enemy to
  exist?

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The Arab League

• Created in 1945 built to foster international
  cooperation among Arab-speaking states.
• Political challenges
• Creation of Israel in 1948
• Suez Crisis
• Iraq and Israeli-Palestinian Crisis