World distribution of rice

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ClimaRice at TNAU Vision and Mission
World distribution of rice
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INDIAN AGRICULTURE

• Population 1 billion
• GDP from Agriculture 34 (1994), 42 (1980)
• Area under Agriculture 50 (160 mha)
• Population dependent 70 on Agriculture
• Average farm size 1 to 5 ha

Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in India
Greenhouse gas emissions from Agriculture sector
in India
Source Indias Initial National Communication on
Climate Change, 2004
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Rice cultivation in India An overview
District wise total rice area (ha)
District wise Irrigated rice area (ha)
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Rice cultivation in India An overview
Upland
Rainfed
Deep water
Rice Cultivation in India is a Rule not an
Exception
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Required Food grain production levels in Tamil
Nadu

• Current status Total area under food crop
  3500788 ha Total production of food grain
  8616783 tons Productivity 2461 kg/ha

India per capita availability of food grain
based on current production 525 gms per day
Corresponding figures in China 980 gms USA
2850 gms Assumption 350 g / person / day
Share of rice in total food grain production ????
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Different rice ecosystems in Tamil Nadu
Major rice growing areas

• Deep water
• Rainfed
• SRI
• Aerobic
• AWD

Requirement of rice India and Tamil nadu ???
Based on population
Area 2050455 ha Production 5209433
tons Productivity 2541 kg / ha
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Overall rainfall deviation from normal (2000
2004)
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Spatial distribution of drought in Tamil Nadu
(2000-2003)
South West Monsoon (Number of Districts in each
category)
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Spatial distribution of drought in Tamil Nadu
(2000-2003)
North East Monsoon (Number of Districts in each
category)
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Cauvery Delta Zone (Rainfall deviation in from
normal)

• Five districts had below average rainfall in gt 6
  seasons
• Nagapattinum and Tiruvarur are the districts
  consistently affected
• Overall spatial rainfall deficit of the region is
  16.8 over four years

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Objectives - TNAU

• Review of track record and drawing conclusions in
  relation to water and agriculture over the study
  region
• Assessing the impacts of extreme weather events
  on rice productivity by reviewing the past
  records and diagnosing and documenting key
  issues over the Indian sub-continent monsoon
  region in a future warmer climate
• Calibration and validation of existing crop
  weather models (DSSAT / INFOCROP ) through
  controlled chamber experiments to simulate the
  rice yield under varied environmental condition
• Assessing the impacts of climate change on water
  supply and future food supply taking into account
  the population growth and food demand

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Objectives TNAU (Cont)

• Comparing rice cultivation under different
  systems such as flooded, aerobic, direct sown,
  SRI, AWD for water use efficiency, GHG emission,
  sustainability.
• Sustaining rice production under limited water
  supply by Integrating soil microbial technologies
  to maximize nutrient recycling and water use
  efficiency.
• Dissemination and capacity building activities
  (training course, stakeholder workshops,
  meetings, brochures, policy briefs, articles,
  reports)
• Development of policy measures (mitigation
  measures) to meet extreme situation such as
  persistent drought with respect to rice
  production

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Activities for the first year

• Literature review (climate change in relation to
  water and agriculture)
• Collection of historical weather and productivity
  data and Investigation on the regional aspects of
  persistence of droughts
• Collaborating with IPRC scientists in preparing
  future climate change scenarios for the selected
  rice growing subdivisions and assessing the
  impacts of climate change on intensity of drought
  over selected subdivisions
• Projection of water availability based on the
  historical climate change scenariosin
  collaboration with hydrological modeling group of
  Bioforsk
• Field testing the feasibility of aerobic rice
  cultivation, direct sown rice cultivation,
  cyanobacterial biofertilizer technology for water
  and nutrient use efficiency and global warming
  potential.
• Collaborating with Bioforsk scientists in mapping
  Socio-economic vulnerability and adaptation
  measures

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Activities initiated

• Review of literature pertaining to rice
  cultivation and GHC emission, impact of CO2 and
  temperature on productivity, global research on
  sustainable rice cultivation to fine tune the
  work map.
• Interaction with the scientific groups presently
  involved in active climate change research
  pertaining to rice production
• Visit to Italy
• Visit to IRRI, Philippines
• Developing first hand expertise on designing
  climate change related field experiments,
  controlled growth chamber experimentation, GHG
  emission studies, micro climate modification
  experiments, soil nutrient flow dynamics,
  physiological experiments

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Soil biotechnological interventions to sustain
rice production
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Objectives

• Soil Microbiological Intervention to minimize the
  impact of climate change in rice productivity
• Soil microbiological intervention to minimize the
  evolution of GHG from rice field ecosystem
• Soil biodiversity conservation amidst fragile
  micro climate
• Nano technological intervention to increase water
  use efficiency

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Climate change impact on soil biotechnology

• Biogeochemical cycling
• Nutrient flow dynamics
• Energy dynamics
• Soil respiration
• Soil enzymology
• Decomposition and mineralization

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Rice soil biotechnology

• Micro biology of rice soil- more complex
• Wide variation in the Redox
• Oxidative and reductive phases that governs GHG
  emission
• DNDC MODEL

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Microbes of our interest

• Cyanobacterial systems
• Azolla algal symbiosis
• PGPR and PPFM

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Cyanobacteria- Agricultural significance
Self supporting Diazotroph -Ability to fix
atmospheric nitrogen

• Photo synthetic and live aerators
• Maintains rice field ecosystems under oxidative
  phase
• Develop drought resistance (Akinetes)
• Co2 fixation(Coccolithophorids)

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Cyanobacterial strains with high amount of NF
(Lakshmanan Kumar, 2003)
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Filamentous Cyanobacterial cultures from rice
field ecosystem
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PPFM and PGPR

• Methylotrophs
• Pseudomonas
• Rhizosphere bio degradation in drought
  resistance

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Microscopic Views Of Various Methylotrophs
isolated from rice fields
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Nano technology in rice field ecosystem

• Nano nutrients - Monterry Tech Mexico
• Nano siderophores
• Bacterial synthesis of nano particles

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Facilities at TNAU to explore the above issues

• Algal germ plasm 250 algal accessions
• Facilities for bio diversity mapping
• Facilities for GHG emission studies in rice field
  eco systems

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Algal identification by DAF using RAPD PCR, rep
PCR, Multiplex PCR
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Algalgermplasm at TNAU
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Deliverables

• Development of Cyanobacterial Consortia to
  sustain rice production under water stressed
  condition
• Development of bacterial Consortia to promote
  dynamic soil rhizosphere
• Standardizing agronomic and microbiological
  practices to minimise GHG emission from paddy
  field
• Development of nano nutrients and nano capsules
  to improve water use efficiency

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Modeling framework
Baseline(climate, cultivar, soil, )
Simulation Model
Yield
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Climate change scenario - Regionalization

• Based on HADCM3 runs
• Latitude 2.5 degree
• Longitude 3.75 degree
• Tamil Nadu has 6 regions

Figure of Tamil Nadu showing regions
Region 1 Northeast (78.75 to 82.5 lon x 12.5 to
15 lat)
Region 2 Northwest (75 to 78.75 lon x 12.5 to
15 lat)
Region 3 Centraleast (78.75 to 82.5 lon x 10 to
12.5 lat)
Region 4 Centralwest (75 to 78.75 lon x 10
to12.5 lat)
Region 5 Southeast (78.75 to 82.5 lon x 7.5 to
10 lat)
Region 6 Southwest (75 to 78.75 lon x 7.5 to 10
lat)
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Tamil Nadu Annual Rainfall Scenario
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Tamil Nadu Rainfall Scenario (Southwest Monsoon)
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Tamil Nadu Rainfall Scenario (Northeast Monsoon)
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Tamil Nadu Maximum Temperature Scenario (Annual)
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Tamil Nadu Maximum Temperature Scenario
(Southwest Monsoon)
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Tamil Nadu Maximum Temperature Scenario
(Northeast Monsoon)
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Tamil Nadu Minimum Temperature Scenario (Annual)
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Tamil Nadu Minimum Temperature Scenario
(Southwest Monsoon)
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Tamil Nadu Minimum Temperature Scenario
(Northeast Monsoon)
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Impact of climate change on Kharif rice yield
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Impact of climate change on rabi rice yield
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Expected outcomes

• Generation of standard methodology to address the
  climate change related issues with specific
  reference to rice production.
• Establishing long-term relationship between
  climate signals and water availability for rice
  production and development of suitable agro
  techniques to mitigate the impacts of global
  warming
• Development of preparatory plans to face extreme
  events such as long term drought in tune with the
  changing scenario