Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change

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Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Atmospheric
Composition and Climate Change

• Markku Kulmala, Pertti Hari, Ari Laaksonen, Timo
  Vesala and Yrjö Viisanen

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Olemme osoittaneet

• Jatkuvat mittaukset luonnossa ovat erittäin
  tehokkaita
• Ilmakehän aerosolihiukkasten muodostuminen on
  tärkeää ympäri maapallon
• ilmastovaikutus hiukkaset kasvavat
  pilvipisaroiksi ja viilentävät ilmastoa
• terveysvaikutukset
• Boreaalinen metsävyöhyke toimii
  aerosolihiukkasten lähteenä ja hidastaa täten
  ilmastonmuutosta
• Selvä yhteys aerosolimuodostuksen ja hiilinielun
  välillä
• Runsaasti biologian, kemian, fysiikan ja
  meteorologian välisiä kytkentöjä, jotka
  selittävät mm. aerosolihiukkasten muodostumista
• hiukkasten synty rikkihappo(ammoniakkivesi)
• hiukkasten kasvu fotosynteesin sivutuotteiden
  hapettuminen

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Focus/Tutkimustavoitteet

• Ilmakehän aerosolihiukkasten synty- ja
  kasvuprosessit
• Biologisten prosessien muodostamien orgaanisten
  höyryjen vaikutus pienhiukkasiin globaalisti
• Aerosolit-pilvet-ilmasto vuorovaikutukset
• Pienhiukkasten aiheuttama säteilypakote
• Ekosysteemien varsinkin pohjoisen
  havumetsävyöhykkeen ja ilmakehän
  vuorovaikutukset

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Lähestymistavat

• Kokeellinen
• laboratoriokokeet
• kenttämittaukset (jatkuvat ja mittauskampanjat)
• mittausmentelmien ja instrumenttien kehittäminen
  
• Teoreettinen
• perusteorioiden kehittäminen
• simulaatiot
• tietokonemallien kehittäminen
• Moni- ja poikkitieteinen
• Fysiikka, kemia, meteorologia, biologia

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Primary sources
Secondary sources
WP 5. Nucleation, Theories and Experiments
WP 4. Chemistry and Thermodynamics of organic
aerosols
WP 7. Emission of particles in Europe
WP 6. Formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols
WP 3. Atmospheric aerosol precursor chemistry
WP 2. Aerosol source emission and deposition
fluxes
WP 8. Parameterisation of aerosol formation
for large scale models
WP 1. Fluxes of biogenic precursor compounds
WP 10. Atmospheric gas-aerosol- cloud interactions
Global/ Regional Change
Global/ Regional Change
WP 9. Modelling of regional and
global distribution of aerosols and
their contribution to radiative forcing
and regional pollution
? Climate/Health effects ?
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Research Chain

• Molecular properties
• Nucleation
• Aerosol Dynamics
• Boundary Layer Dynamics
• Regional Scale
• Global Scale

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Research Chain IIa

• Nucleation
• molecular properties, potentials
• MD- and MC simulations
• thermodynamics
• classical theories
• laboaratory experiments
• Aerosol Dynamics
• nucleation, condensation, coagulation, deposition
• connections to atmospheric chemistry
• numerical models
• laboratory experiments

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Research Chain IIb

• Boundary Layer Dynamics
• aerosol dynamics meteorology
• observed aerosol formation events
• Regional Scale
• Lagrangian and Eulerian models
• air masses
• observations
• Global Scale
• modelling
• global observations groundbase, airborne,
  sattelites

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Processes

• Nucleation
• Ternary Nucleation
• H2SO4-NH3-H2O
• Initial steps of the growth
• Nano-Kohler
• Heterogeneous Nucleation
• Growth
• Organic vapours
• Aerosol dynamics
• competition between processes

Kulmala Science 302, 1000-1001, 2003
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Growth rates are based on size evolution from Air
Ion Spectrometer (developed by University of
Tarto)
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Growth as a function of size

• From DMPS and ion spectrometer data growth rate
  non-constant
• To test different hypothesis of initial steps of
  the growth

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Cluster and Nucleation mode growth
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Aerosol process model UHMA

• Sectional aerosol dynamic model
• Suitable for a wide range of applications
• Special focus on new particle formation and
  growth
• State-of-the-science particle description
• Computationally efficient for 3D applications
• (Korhonen et al.,Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4,
  757-771, 2004)

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Aerosol process model UHMA
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Continuous Measurements
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Kuvat Miikka Dal Maso
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• The dots indicate observation sizes, the
  dashed lines and rectangles indicate regions
  where airborne or ship observations have been
  made. (Kulmala et al, 2004)

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Barcelona (Heapss) Ausburg (Heapss) Roma
(Heapss) Stocholm (Heapss) Nagpur, India New
Delhi Mace Head (Parforce, Quest) Tenerife (Ace
II) Melbitz (Osoa) Arctic (IAO-96) Antarctic
(Finnarp) Marseil (Bond) Athens (Bond) Hyytiälä
(SMEAR II) Värriö (SMEAR I) Helsinki



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Monthly means averaged over all years 1996
2001
GR for all events (dark blue) GPP (pink) Tair
(light blue) Sum of mean cterp x Rg (green).
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A cloud droplet activation event at Pallas,
January 11, 2001. In-cloud (upper) and outside
the cloud (lower) size distribution contour plots
(left) and modal concentrations (right)
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Continental air masses
Below cloud
In cloud
Activated particles
Arctic marine air masses
Two example cases, typical continental air masses
(upper) and typical arctic marine air masses
(lower). On the left the size spectra
out-of-cloud (stars), in-cloud (circles) and the
spectra of activated particles (triangles) (
out-of-cloud in-cloud size spectra) and on the
right the activated fraction in 30 size classes.
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Average activation spectra for clean marine
(blue) and polluted continental (red) air masses
Komppula et al., 2004
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Estimated contributions on radiative balance
(Kurten et al., 2003, BER)

• Boreal Forest
• 3.4 of Earths Surface (?)
• Aerosol formation and CCN production
• globally -0.03 - -1.1 W/m2 (??)
• GCMs are needed to confirm this
• Carbon sink
• globally (similar estimation) - 1.2 W/m2
• Albedo Change

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Laboratory Studies

• Homogeneous nucleation
• Nucleation inside Clouds
• Nucleation inside CPC
• Heterogeneous Nucleation
• in co-operation with University of Vienna
• Evaporation/Condesation
• in co-operation with University of Copenhagen
• Research Center Julich, Germany
• University of Vienna

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Activation / Lab studies

• Heterogeneous nucleation /Activation studies
  using SANC/CAMS techique (Uni of Vienna)
• size dependence
• Binary mixtures Ag, Ammoniumsulphate
• water n-propanol
• water n-nonane
• n-propanol n-nonane

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Heterogeneous nucleation probability curves for
unary n-nonane vapor on Ag particles
Winkler, Wagner et al. 2004
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Onset activities for differentparticle
compositions and particle sizes
Winkler, Wagner et al.
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Summary/ Aerosol Formation

• In Continental Boundary layer particularly in
  Boreal Forest
• nucleation sulphuric acid ammonia (water) or
  sulphuric acid di/trimethylamine
• kinetic and/or ion induced
• Activation acid clusters will activate due to
  organic vapours
• growth by oxidation products of mono- and
  sesquiterepenes
• seasonal variation (particularly growth) related
  photorespiration
• Clear observed coupling between aerosol
  production and carbon sink

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Miksi olemme huippuyksikkö

• Tutkimusideat, innovatiivisuus
• Moni- ja poikkitieteisyys, laaja yhteistyö
• HY, IL, KY jne
• Kansainvälisyys, tunnettavuus
• Riittävän iso ryhmä, krittinen massa
• SMEAR ja GAW asemat
• EU projektit
• Tulokset -gt Tieteellinen arvostus
• julkaisut, Nature/Science
• Väitöskirjat

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APFE
FCoE
NCoE Aerosols
NCoE Fluxes
NorFa Graduate School
ENoE
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Team

• University of Helsinki
• Hanna Vehkamäki, Kaarle Hämeri, Ullar Rannik,
  Ismo Napari, Pasi P. Aalto, Miikka Dal Maso,
  Genrik Mordas,Michael Boy, Anca Gaman, Ismo K.
  Koponen, Lauri Laakso, Antti Lauri, Tanja Suni,
  Tuukka Petäjä, Anni Reissel, Jaana Bäck, Tuulia
  Hyötyläinen, Marja-Liisa Riekkola, Pertti Hari,
  Timo Vesala, Alex Lushnikov
• University of Kuopio
• Kari E.J. Lehtinen, Ari Laaksonen, Jorma
  Joutsensaari
• Finnish Meteorological Institute
• Veli-Matti Kerminen, Hannele Korhonen, Jussi
  Paatero, Hannele Hakola, Heikki Lihavainen, Mika
  Komppula, Yrjö Viisanen
• University of Tartu, Estonia
• Madis Noppel, Urmas Hörrak, Marko Vana, Hannes
  Tammet, Aadu Mirme
• University of Stockholm, Sweden
• E. Douglas Nilsson, Peter Tunveed, H.-C.
  Hansson, Robert Janson
• National University of Ireland, Galway
• Colin ODowd
• Tampere University of Technology
• Jyrki M. Mäkelä
• MPI Heidelberg, Germany
• Frank Arnold, Markus Hanke
• University of Copenhagen, Denmark
• Merete Bilde, Birgitta Svenningsson
• University of Oslo, Norway

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• FUTURE ACTIVITY
• iLEAPSIntegrated Land Ecosystem Atmosphere
  Processes Study
• Addressing the following key questions
• How do interacting physical, chemical, and
  biological processes transport and transform
  energy and materials through the land-atmosphere
  system?
• What are the implications for the dynamics of the
  Earth System?
• How did the terrestrial ecosystem-atmosphere
  system function under pre-industrial conditions,
  and how are current and past human activities
  influencing it (and vice versa)?
• To what extent does the vegetation optimise its
  physical and chemical environment on various
  temporal and spatial scales?

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