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Title: Psychoanalysis%20and%20Psychoanalytic%20Theories


1
Chapter 2
  • Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Theories

2
Psychoanalysis
  • The first theory to gain public recognition and
    acceptance, especially in Europe and the Americas.

3
Sigmund Freud
  • The person whose genius created psychoanalysis.
  • Born in Freiburg, Austria, in 1856.
  • As a psychiatrist, he initially used hypnosis as
    his primary form of treatment.
  • Was impressed during medical school by how
    patients who relive painful experiences can work
    through emotional events suppressed for years.

4
Sigmund Freud (cont.)
  • Began using a process called free association to
    help his patients remember long-forgotten
    important events and thoughts.
  • Utilized free association to explore the
    unconscious minds of his patients.
  • Began to stress the importance of the unconscious
    in understanding personality.
  • Thus was born psychoanalysis.

5
Freud, Critics, and Sexuality
  • Critics were outraged by his emphasis on the
    importance of sexuality and aggression in the
    etiology of personality.

6
View of Human Nature/Personality
  • The Freudian view of human nature is dynamic.
  • He believed in the transformation and exchange of
    energy within the personality.
  • Freud focused his techniques on
  • Levels of Consciousness
  • The formation of personality (Id, Ego, Superego)
  • Psychosexual Development
  • Defense Mechanisms

7
Levels of Consciousness
  • For Freud, human nature can be explained in terms
    of
  • A Conscious Mind
  • A Preconscious Mind
  • An Unconscious Mind

8
Conscious Mind
  • Attuned to events in the present and an awareness
    of the outside world.

9
Preconscious Mind
  • An area between the conscious mind and
    unconscious minds it contains aspects of both.
  • Hidden memories or forgotten experiences can be
    remembered in this area if given the proper cues.

10
Unconscious Mind
  • Beneath the preconscious mind.
  • The most powerful and least understood part of
    the personality.
  • The instinctual, repressed, and powerful forces
    of the personality exist here.

11
Formation of Personality
  • Freud hypothesized that the personality is formed
    from the interaction of three developing parts.
  • The Id confined to the unconscious
  • The Ego operates primarily in the conscious but
    also in the preconscious and the unconscious.
  • The Superego confined to the unconscious.

12
The Id
  • The id is the source of all energy.
  • Comprises the basic inherited givens of the
    personality and is present from birth.
  • It is amoral, impulsive, and irrational.
  • Pleasure principle it pursues what it wants
    because it cannot tolerate tension.

13
The Id
  • The id contains
  • Basic life energy and life-preserving instincts
    collectively known as eros.
  • The psychic energy that accompanies them known as
    libido.
  • Basic death instincts known as thanatos.

14
Primary Process
  • Operates through drives, instincts, and images
    (e.g. dreaming, hallucinating, and fantasizing)
    a process known as primary process.
  • May bring temporary relief but ultimately
    unsatisfying.

15
The Ego
  • The second system to develop after the id and
    before the superego.
  • A strong ego is essential to healthy functioning.
  • Moderates the wishes and desires of the id and
    superego to keep the person from being too
    self-indulgent or too morally restrained.
  • Reality principle it devises ways to achieve
    appropriate goals, obtain energy for activities
    from the id, and keep the person in harmony with
    the environment.

16
Secondary Process
  • The egos way of thinking is known as the
    secondary process.
  • Rationally thinking through situations.

17
The Superego
  • It is the moral branch of the mind and operates
    according to what is ideal.
  • Contrasts with the id.
  • Functions according to the moral principle
    strives for perfection and arises from parental
    moral teachings.

18
The Superego
  • Ego Ideal rewards those who follow parental and
    societal dictates.
  • Conscience part of the superego that punishes
    by inducing guilt when you act against what you
    have been taught.
  • By striving for perfection, the superego
    sometimes forces a person into restrained or no
    action when facing a dilemma.

19
Psychosexual Stages of Development
  • Oral stage mouth is chief pleasure zone.
  • Anal stage anus is chief pleasure zone.
  • Phallic stage sex organs are chief pleasure
    zone.
  • Latency a time with little manifest interest in
    sexuality.
  • Genital stage

20
Oral Stage
  • The first stage.
  • Children under the age of 1.
  • Obtain basic gratification from sucking and
    biting.

21
Anal Stage
  • The second stage.
  • Children between the ages of 1 and 2 delight in
    either withholding or eliminating feces.
  • First really significant conflict between the
    childs internal instincts and external demands.

22
Phallic Stage
  • The third stage.
  • Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attempt to
    resolve their sexual identities.
  • Members of both sexes must work through their
    sexual desires.
  • Oedipus Complex / Electra Complex
  • Freud thought that the basic ingredients of the
    adult personality had formed by the end of this
    stage.

23
Oedipus Complex / Electra Complex
  • Oedipus Complex a boy must work through a
    desire to possess his mother sexually.
  • Electra Complex a girl blames her mother for
    the fact that she has no penis.
  • Both sexes perceive the father as a great rival
    for the mothers love and attention.

24
Latency
  • Children between the ages of 6 and 12.
  • Energy is focused on peer activities and personal
    mastery of cognitive and learning and physical
    skills.
  • Little manifest interest in sexuality.

25
Genital Stage
  • The fourth and final stage.
  • If all has gone well, around puberty each gender
    takes more of an interest in the other and normal
    heterosexual patterns of interaction appear.
  • If there were unresolved difficulties in the
    first three stages (pregenital stages), Freud
    believed two difficulties could arise
  • Excessive frustration
  • Overindulgence

26
Heinz Kohut
  • Proposed object-relations theory.
  • A much less sexually based view of child
    development.
  • An object is anything that satisfies a need,
    whether a person or thing.

27
Erik Erikson
  • Proposed that development extends over the life
    span.
  • Psychosocial factors are much more important than
    psychosexual ones.
  • Focuses on the achievement of specific
    life-enhancing tasks.

28
Eriksons Life Achievement Tasks
29
Defense Mechanisms
  • Protect a person from being overwhelmed by
    anxiety through adaptation to situations or
    through distortion or denial of events.
  • Are normal and operate on an unconscious level.

30
Common Defense Mechanisms
  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Reaction Formation
  • Displacement
  • Regression
  • Rationalization
  • Denial
  • Identification

31
Role of the Counselor/Therapist
  • Play the role of expert.
  • Encourage client to choose topic to talk about,
    especially childhood experiences.
  • Attempt to create comfortable atmosphere.
  • Encourage development of transference.

32
Goals
  • Help clients become more aware of the unconscious
    aspects of their personalities.
  • Work through unresolved developmental stages.
  • Cope with the demands of society.

33
Process and Techniques
  • Free association
  • Dream Analysis
  • Analysis of Transference
  • Analysis of Resistance
  • Interpretation

34
Multicultural and Gender Sensitive Issues
  • Has transcended cultural barriers.
  • Concepts seem to have relevance for different
    parts of society.
  • Many women avoid psychoanalysis.

35
Strengths and Contributions
  • Emphasizes importance of sexuality and
    unconscious.
  • Heuristic
  • Theoretical base of support for diagnostic
    instruments.
  • Reflects complexity of human nature.
  • Has developed over years, not stagnated.
  • Effective for a wide variety of disorders.
  • Stresses importance of developmental growth
    stages.

36
Limitations and Criticisms
  • Time consuming and expensive.
  • Difficulty with older clients.
  • Claimed almost exclusively by psychiatry.
  • Overly complicated terminology.
  • Deterministic.
  • Not appropriate for most individuals who seek
    professional counseling.

37
The Case of Linda Psychoanalysis and
Psychoanalytic Theories
  • How would you conceptualize this case using
    psychoanalytic therapies?
  • What would be your treatment plan for this client
    using a psychoanalytic approach?
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