Session 5: Industry

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Session 5 Industry

• Types of employment primary, secondary and
  teritary
• Employment structures - change over time and
  development
• Types of industry - market, raw materials
  oerientated and footloose
• Factors affecting location of industry - land,
  relief, labour, investment, government policy
• Industry as a system - inputs, processes and
  outputs
• Industrial change
• deindustrialisation in MEDCs
• Decline of traditional industries - coal, iron
  and steel
• Industrialisation in LEDCs and NICs - Malaysia
• Role of TNCs/MNCs - Toyota
• Case Studies
• Market oriented, manufacturing, TNC - Toyota
• Distribution, teriary industry - JRL
• NIC growth - Malaysia
• Industrial change - Iron and Steel in South Wales

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Session 5 Industry

• Toyota - Car manufacturer a TNC
• Why choose UK?
• Located at Burnaston in Derbyshire - Greenfield
  site, flat relief, room for expansion, transport
  links to A50, and M1, central to UK and major
  urban markets such as West Midlands, Leeds,
  Sheffield, Leicester. Tradition of engineering
  and skills
• Single storey site - greenfiled, room for
  expansion to North, close to Derby, production
  line technology, just in time and fully
  integrated company structure reduces costs

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Session 5 Industry

• Toyota - Car manufacturer a TNC

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Session 5 Industry

• JRL A Distribution Industry (now owned by Exel
  Logistics)
• Distribution of goods for MS - picking and
  packing in warehouses
• Articulated lorries move between store Network
• Warehouse equidistant between major urban markets
  such as London, Midlands and Northen England
• Locate along major transport routes - M6, M1
• Focus on Leicester location Meridian Business
  Park
• At node oint of several transport networks ring
  road, M69, M1 Jnc. 21
• Greenfield site, room for expansion
• Can share infrastructure with similar companies
• Purpose Built modern premises
• Nearby MS store at Fosse Park

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Growth and Change in NICs Malaysia

• Government policy aimed at Vision 2020 - to
  achieve industrialised nation status by 2020
• industrialisation and manufacturing increase
• development of hi-tech industries - electronics
• Improvements to infrastructure - roads, airport,
  ports
• Impacts of change
• Rapid urbanisation - 1980-1997 - 25 increase -
  centred on Kuala Lumpa and Penang
• Increase in GNP per capita - now 8,000 - higher
  than Greece
• Decline in domestic agriculture - rice
• Decline of extractive industries such as Tin and
  Bauxite
• Massive growth of manufacturing - aimed at export
  markets to MEDCs
• Manufacturing 1998 - 35 GDP. 80 of exports
• Increase in investment by TNCs - e.g. Hewlett
  Packard, Motorola, LG
• Emergence of an affluent middle class who now
  provide a domestic market
• Improvement in levels of skills and literacy

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Growth and Change in NICs Malaysia

• How did change occur?
• Malaysia fuels industrialisation by being self
  sufficient in oil and gas -
• Cheap labour
• Ability to switch to hi-tech
• Incentives to attract TNCs tax concessions,
  establishing Export Processing Zones (EPZs) e.g.
  Penang
• Government backed car industry - Proton - for
  home and foreign export
• Flagship schemes - Proton City - South of Kuala
  Lumpa
• Malaysian TNCs emerge - Proton has now acquired
  Lotus
• Problems caused by rapid economic growth
• Rural areas lose out to cities and EPZs
• Poor working conditions - outwork and piecework
• Accusations of cultural change and exploitation
  of women
• Unregulated urban sprawl and contamination of
  rivers
• Infrastructure has not kept pace with
  developments in areas like Penang
• Shortage of skilled labour - foreigners get top
  jobs
• Malaysia has massive foreign debt - 1996 13.5
  billion debt
• Some manufacturing has started to move abroad in
  search of lower wages as living standards have
  risen

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Session 5 Industry

• Industrial Change in South Wales
• Early phase
• Iron and Steel set up in industrial revolution -
  Port Talbot
• Raw materials available - coal, iron ore and
  limestone
• Later remianed as ports allowed imports -
  Cardiff, Swansea
• Market guranteed through british colonies
• Later phase
• exhaustion or closure of raw material sources
  e.g. Pontypridd, Aberavon
• Imports of cheap Australiand and American iron
  ore, Polish coal
• Modernisation of lants like Llanwern - ICT
• Loss of market - independence of Empire
• Mergers and buyouts - CORUS - closure of Port
  Talbot
• Closure and redevlopment of Cardiff Docks
• Modern Phase
• Continued meachanisation and computerisation
• Derelict sites redeveloped as industrial estates
  - Newport
• Improvement of transport links for new light
  manufacturing industries - M50, M5
• LG Electronics locate at Celtic Lakes
• Development of hertage Tourism at Aberavon and
  Newport - Big Pit

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Session 5 Industry

• Agriculure farming
• Types of agriculture commerial, subsistence,
  intensive, extensive, arable, pastoral,
  plantation, market gardens
• Factors affecting agriculture - soil, relief,
  climate, subsisdy, grants, technology,
• Subsistence Farming shifting Cultivation
• NE Amazon, Brazil - Tukano Indians
• 3 Hectare plots - for village
• Axe and fire cleaance -ash provides nutrients
• Intercropping - manioc, maize, pineapples
• Surplus traded
• Move on after plot exhausted - regeenerates after
  30 years - sustainable
• Commercial farming Dairy Farming
• Cheshire plain, UK, lush grass
• Low lying relief, fertile soils, temperate
  climate
• Mostly Fresian cattle
• Milk distributed to urban markets by tanker
• Farmers receive milk quotas from EU - have to pay
  to buy more

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Session 5 Industry

• Farming Change since 1900
• mechanisation
• Loss of labour to urban areas
• Computerisation
• Agribusiness
• Removal of hedges and woods
• Draining of land
• Increase in field size
• Chemicals and Fertilisers
• Diversification, Grants and Subsidy
• EU - CAP
• New crops and breeds - Oilseed rape, Sunflowers
• Future (Sustaiable) Farming
• Cuontryside Stewardship Grants
• Organic farming
• Diversification
• Wildlife and skills grants
• GM Crops?