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Title: XML in eBusiness


1
XML in eBusiness
  • Spring 2005
  • Dave Hollander
  • Chief Technology Officer
  • Contivo, Inc

2
XML BackgroundInformation AgeXML Origins
Markup
3
Questions Origins
  • Why is XML such an important development?
  • What are the benefits of XML compared to HTML?
  • What was the most challenging thing during
    implementing XML?
  • What was the creative process in envisioning XML
    from SGML? What was the spark/moment of clarity
    that started the process rolling?
  • What was the goal behind creating XML?

4
Information Age or is it?
  • Guttenberg
  • Industrial Age
  • The Web
  • InfoGlut
  • Information
  • It is 3º outside.
  • Knowledge info action
  • It is 3º out, put on a coat.
  • Wisdom knowledge context
  • Why bother, I am just jumping in the hot tub!

5
The Promise of XML
  • XML is the standard platform for information
    convergence
  • XML Enables Information Reuse
  • Global interchange
  • Machine processing
  • New uses for documents
  • Values of XML
  • Feature/Complexity balance
  • Enables semantic processing
  • User defined semantics

Interchangeable Parts drove the Industrial
AgeReusable Information drives the Information
Age
6
Origins of XML
  • 1988 ISO 8879 SGML
  • 1996 April (WWW2)
  • XML vision written in a taxiby Jon Bosak and
    Dave Hollander
  • 1996 November - introduced to SGML Community
  • 1997 March - First press articles
  • 1997 April (WWW6) - introduced to Web Community
  • 1998 February - XML 1.0
  • 1999 January - XML Namespaces
  • 2001 May - XML Schema
  • 2001 October - XSL Recommendation
  • 2002 February - XML Digital Signatures

I didnt actually build it, but it was based on
my idea.
7
Why XML?
  • XML was designed to manage documents on the web
  • Team included architects of HP.COM and
    DOCS.SUN.COM
  • Reuse content made for print in multiple web
    pages
  • data sheets, white papers etc.
  • Present a more organized view of information
  • We faced significant differences in how our
    organizations structured information
  • So, the answer was to create XML to
  • Interchange document information between groups
  • Make it easy to publish content standards
  • Separate content from presentation
  • which makes it easy to build tools that reuse
    information

8
The design goals for XML
  1. XML shall be straightforwardly usable over the
    Internet.
  2. XML shall support a wide variety of applications.
  3. XML shall be compatible with SGML.
  4. It shall be easy to write programs which process
    XML documents.
  5. The number of optional features in XML is to be
    kept to the absolute minimum, ideally zero.
  6. XML documents should be human-legible and
    reasonably clear.
  7. The XML design should be prepared quickly.
  8. The design of XML shall be formal and concise.
  9. XML documents shall be easy to create.
  10. Terseness in XML markup is of minimal importance.

9
XML
  • XML is the eXtensible Markup Language
  • Evolved from ISO Standard SGML
  • Designed to
  • Add structure to Web documents
  • Be simple (25 pages)
  • XML has expanded well beyond its original goals

XML is a TGE (TLA Generation Engine)
10
But what is it?
  • XML is a meta-language for creating markup
    languages
  • Markup information that computers use
  • XML makes it easy and reliable for computers
    (and humans) to identify markup in documents.
  • Meta-language a language to create languages
  • XML allows you to design a markup language that
    describes what is important to you.

11
Markup
  • Simple Syntax that make it easy to separate
    data from meta-data
  • Markup includes
  • Elements
  • Attributes
  • Comments
  • Entity references
  • Processing instructions
  • CDATA sections
  • Document type declarations

12
Meta-Language
  • Meta-language
  • A language to create languages
  • User defined semantics (meaning)
  • HTML has fixed semantics
  • Each meta-language
  • Defined by a schema
  • May be implicitly defined
  • Referred to as a dialect

lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltShoppingCartgt ltProductListgt
Daves Order lt/ProductListgt ltPartgt 00000-99999
lt/Partgt lt/ShoppingCartgt
XML is a meta-language for creating markup
languages
13
XML is Descriptive Markup
  • XML is Descriptive HTML is procedural
  • Describe and assign a name to a class of data
  • Multiple behaviors can be assigned to each class
  • Examples layout, search, database, eCommerce
  • find the part numbers in all shopping carts
  • Markup is only valuable if you know what it
    means!

14
Questions Origins
  • What was the creative process in envisioning XML
    from SGML? What was the spark/moment of clarity
    that started the process rolling?
  • Laziness
  • Community of practice w/ 100 years of experience
  • Walk through, feature by feature askingis this
    necessary for success
  • What was the goal behind creating XML?
  • My favorite information reuse

15
Questions Origins
  • Why is XML such an important development?
  • XML is foundation of information interchange
  • What are the benefits of XML compared to HTML?
  • User defined markup
  • More extensive application space
  • What was the most challenging thing during
    implementing XML?
  • Agreeing on is it necessary

16
XML ApplicationsXML SpecificationsXML
ProcessorsApplications
17
Questions Applications
  • I know XML is very compatible to many of modern
    languages, is it compatible to old languages like
    COBOL
  • Compare XML to EDI and explain the different
    industry-specific dialects or standards that
    exist today.
  • What are the recent trends and forecasts for
    corporate use of XML in integrating the
    enterprise both internally and externally?

18
XML Specifications
  • XML Instance Document the Data
  • Schemas the contract
  • Style-sheets user interface
  • XQuery finding data
  • Web Services interchange of data
  • Protocol
  • n 1 (computer science) rules determining the
    format and transmission of data

19
The W3C XML Family
  • XML Coordination Group
  • XML Core
  • errata, X-Include, Information Set
  • XML Schema
  • Parts 0, 1, 2, 3
  • XML Linking WG
  • XML Base, Xpath, Xlink, Xpointer
  • XML Query WG
  • Data Model, Algebra, Language
  • XML Namespaces
  • XML Protocols WG
  • XSL WG
  • XSL, XSLT
  • XML DSIG
  • XML Signature,
  • Canonical XML
  • DOM ( Levels 1, 2, 3 )
  • Others
  • XML-Encryption
  • VoiceXML
  • XForms WG
  • SMIL, SVG
  • XHTML
  • RDF

More than 20 horizontal XML specifications!
20
XQuery
  • XQuery 1.0 An XML Query Language
  • W3C Working Draft 04 April 2005
  • Still at least 3 months from Recommendation
  • Covers
  • XPATH addressing single elements in an XML
    document
  • Query like SQL
  • Limitations
  • No semantics
  • No mechanism to normalize multiple data resource
    results

21
W3C XML Schemas
  • Schema defined in a .xsd file (usually)
  • Schemas
  • Defines Classes of documents
  • Defines structure, constraints and datatypes
  • Validation
  • Schemas can only express part of the semantics.
  • Relax NG is schema specification similar to W3C
  • Schemas are a contract to interchange
    information.

22
XML Schemas
  • Many Different ways to markup data

1) ltBUYER_NAMEgt JOHN SMITH lt/BUYER_NAMEgt 2)
ltBUYER_NAMEgt ltLASTgt SMITH lt/LASTgt ltFIRSTgt
JOHN lt/FIRSTgt lt/BUYER_NAMEgt 3) ltNAME
roleBUYER"gt ltSURNAME BSR_CODENAM-01"gt
SMITH lt/SURNAMEgt ltGIVEN BSR_CODENAM-02"gt
JOHN lt/GIVENgt lt/NAMEgt
  • Which is right?

23
Schemas Reflect Business Models
  • Prescriptive vs. permissive
  • who pays to make the data right?
  • Loose vs. tight
  • how many semantics are expressed?
  • easy to author vs. reuse
  • Interchange model
  • blind or pre-defined partners?
  • Extensibility
  • kept up to date vs. predictability

CALS
The Waterloo Model
Authors Intent
DocBook
Pinnacles
RosettaNet
Shopping Cart
Validate your data against a business model.
24
XML has Namespaces
  • How is software to recognize markup it knows how
    to process, and avoid confusing it with markup
    designed for the use of some other software? 1
  • Namespaces allow documents to be merged without
    name collisions.
  • Can be used to identify an authority for the
    element type

lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltMyDoc xmlnshttp//mhxml.c
om/ns1 xmlnshphttp//hp.c
om/ns2gt ltpartgt 00000-99999lt/partgt
lt!-- from default namespace --gt lthppartgt
00000-99999-hplt/hppartgt lt!-- from HP
namespace --gt lt/MyDocgt
25
XML Tools
  • XML enabled reuse of core technology
  • Parsers
  • DOM, SAX, others
  • Processors
  • App servers, java, .Net
  • Databases
  • Native and Enabled
  • Free, or at least inexpensive
  • http//www.xml.com/programming/

26
XML as Data Model
  • Relational
  • Entity Relation Model
  • Normalization Plan
  • BLOBs/CLOBs
  • Queries
  • Grievances
  • Signers and states
  • Declarations
  • Hierarchical (XML)
  • Elements, attributes
  • Structure
  • Constraints

Now, tell me whos proudest?
27
Legacy
  • XML does not support non-XML data resources
  • COBOL
  • EDI
  • Others
  • It is possible, and often a good idea to use XML
    to harmonize data.

Semantic Harmonization
Schema Reconciliation
Semantic Reconciliation
Syntax
Semantic
Harmonized
XML
28
Beyond XML and B2B
  • Volume of transactions
  • Security, Reliability, Predictability
  • Reduced Cost of Procurement

EDI Technology
demand for XML eCommerce Technology
demand for EDI
demand for technology Z
XML Technology
Performance Metric
  • Reuse, leverage and communities
  • Semantics
  • Cost of new product deployment
  • One-to-one business
  • Security, Reliability, Predictability?
  • Completeness?

Technology Z
  • Interoperability
  • Flexibility and Agility
  • Number of trading partners
  • Global supply chains
  • Reduced setup and TCO
  • One-to-one marketing

Time
Ref Innovators Dilemma Clayton Christensen
29
Compare to EDI
ISA00 00 010819405530010
01153734900 0001140927U00302000160473
0P. GSPOCOMDEXD710-8500001140927161441X
003020. ST850290267. BEG00DS20-P1-749833000
114. NTEORISHIP ASAP. FOBCCOR. DTM002000114.
N1STLUCENT TECHNOLOGIES9299. N367 WHIPPANY
RDCAHNDANG. N4WHIPPANYNJ07981.
I have no idea what this might mean!
  • EDI error rates can approach 85.
  • HTML parsing requires up to 50 of the code in
    your favorite browser!

30
EDI Values
  • The 20-80 Rule
  • Build for the 20 who do 80 of the business
  • Throughput
  • Primary Design Metric
  • Information Design Metric
  • Low Character Count
  • Move context data to TPA
  • Interoperability
  • Between trading partners
  • Semantics
  • Defined in Standards and TPA

Throughput
Interoperability
Semantics
31
XML Values
  • SGML for the Web
  • Make it easy to interchange documents on the
    web
  • Interoperability
  • Primary Design Metric
  • Loosely coupled systems
  • Information Design Metrics
  • Self-describing messages
  • Ease of processing
  • Semantics
  • User defined
  • Machine and Human
  • Throughput
  • Not primary metric

Throughput
Interoperability
Semantics
32
New Metrics?
  • eCommerce
  • Process Effectiveness
  • Agility flexibility, adaptability
  • Strategic Business Relationships
  • Evolution in Marketplace Dynamics
  • Technology ( Hubs, I-servers, portals )
  • XML
  • Technical Maturity
  • Standards ( Schemas, XSL, Query )
  • Interoperability ( New TLAs )
  • Products ( Contivo )
  • New Axis?

Throughput
Interoperability
Semantics
It is hard for me to believe that anything will
replace XML for information interoperability
33
New Technology Adoption
  • New, disruptive, technology succeeds when
    performance metrics change
  • B2B EDI
  • Build for the 20 who do 80 of the business
  • EAI
  • Connectivity between high value, internal
    business applications
  • Web Services
  • standards describing interoperability
  • detailed enough to be definitive
  • flexible enough to describe any system
  • scalable to be pervasive
  • easy to implement

Clayton Christensen Innovators Dilemma
34
Integration and Information Silos
  • Business face a challenge to sustain competencies
    built around their systems and to integrate the
    systems to create new business solutions.
  • Requirements
  • ROI and TCO
  • Flexible built to integrate
  • Evolvable support legacy and change
  • Loosely Coupled - able to support independent
    development efforts

35
Integration
  • Developers using middleware need three answers
  • How are messages moved?
  • Physical infrastructure selection
  • What messages are exchanged and in what order?
  • Delivery, Workflow and/or Collaboration
  • What do the messages mean?
  • Logical and Conceptual understanding

36
The Fundamental Challenge
Interoperability requires interfaces between
applications to be standardized.
(Gartner Group)
The remaining 95 is a function of application
semantics.
Only 5 is a function of the middleware
choice.
37
Taming the Integration Hairball
  • Physical
  • multiple interconnect technologies
  • deploy middleware
  • Logical
  • no messaging standards
  • deploy canonicals
  • Conceptual
  • no centralized design model
  • deploy semantic modeling

38
Vocabulary Driven
VocabularyEnrichment
Business Process Requirements
DomainModeling
DomainModeling
SAP RMD
Oracle RMD
Gap Analysis
InterfaceModeling
InterfaceModeling
Mapping
SAP Service Interface (XML Schema)
Oracle Service Interface (XML Schema)
Code Generation
XML Wrapper
XML Wrapper
SAPAPI
OracleAPI
SAP
Oracle
39
Questions Applications
  • I know XML is very compatible to many of modern
    languages, is it compatible to old languages like
    COBOL
  • Not directly.
  • There are some tools for converting their data
    and some tools for programming XML w/ COBOL

40
Security
41
Security
  • Security is mostly a business problem, not a
    technical one.
  • Risk, trust and security depend on human
    management of relationships and assessment.
  • Technology just adds more risk.
  • Are there any security challenges on XML?
  • Visibility

42
Data Interchange the UUP example
  • I had a question when it comes to XML in the use
    of the Universal User Profile (UUP).  In light of
    today's security and privacy concerns, do you
    think this concept will take off at some point? 
  • I already trust ebay, paypal, etc with some of
    this info
  • With Passport not being used by as many people as
    Microsoft had hoped and no other visible vendor
    pushing an alternate, it's acceptance seems
    doubtful. 
  • The trick will be if someone emerges with a model
    that adds more value than riskto me, the
    consumer.

43
Security
  •  How can we embed security functionality in XML
    environment?
  • Encryption is just changing the visibility.
  • In Schwab's case, it is mentioned that there is
    no security mechanism in XML or SOAP.  How can we
    overcome this pitfall in e-business environment?
  • It will take additional technology and industry
    initiatives.
  • And as a follow-up question (to UPP), are there
    any security safeguards in place within XML or is
    that left solely up to those writing the
    applications that use XML. 

44
Chaord
  • The Emergence of the Chaord
  • Any self-organizing, adaptive, nonlinear,
    complex community or system, whether physical,
    biological or social, the behavior of which
    exhibits characteristics of both order and chaos.
    Or, more simply stated, a Chaord is any
    chaotically ordered complex system.

Dee Hock Founder and CEO Emeritus - VISA Oct. 22,
1994
42
45
Futures
46
Questions XML Web Services and eComm
  • What is the future of XML in e-business?
  • Are there ways to apply XML that are not
    currently being done?
  • Do you think they will be realized?
  • What are the threats to XML to remain open
    source?
  • What are some upcoming developments in Web
    Services and XML?
  • How is security implemented in XML vs. Web
    Services?
  • Any risk in deployment of XML related
    technologies in e-Commerce and any solutions to
    overcome?
  • What are the disadvantages and advantages of XML
    in e-commerce?

47
XML Breaks The Camels Hump
Source Dr. David Clark, head of Advanced Network
Architecture research group, MITs Laboratory for
Computer Science
Activity
Research
Standards
Billion dollar investments
Time
48
Kann ich bitte ein Glas Wasser haben?
  • Presentment
  • Again, louder
  • Reword
  • Reduction
  • Gesture
  • Translate
  • Fulfillment
  • Guess
  • Look Up
  • Partial Understanding
  • Full Understanding
  • shared context

Wuerden Sie mir bitte ein Glas Wasser reichen?
Secondary Factors Secondary Factors
Trust Policy Ability Anticipation Motivation
Wasser bitte!
WASSER!!!!!!
Can I please a glass of water have?
49
The Evolution of e-Commerce
  • Silicon chips made computer ubiquitous
  • GUIs made using computers ubiquitous
  • The Web made accessing content ubiquitous
  • XML made understanding content ubiquitous
  • Web services promise to bring these all together
    and make networks of computers useful and
    ubiquitous

50
Business Case
  • Tight coupling
  • Resources
  • high set up costs
  • management attention
  • Small numbers of partners
  • lengthy negotiations
  • detailed contracts
  • extensive monitoring of performance

Coordination costs are steep
51
Loosely Coupled Applications
  • What company can ignore the benefits of
  • partnering with business specialists?
  • outsourcing non-core activities to focused
    providers?
  • The virtues of collaboration are clear
    innovation and efficiency.
  • In the quest for higher performance, companies
    at the cutting edge of process management
  • gain flexibility and improve performance
  • handle critical cross-company processes as
    networks rather than production lines
  • swap their tightly coupled processes for loosely
    coupled ones.
  • Text excerpts from the McKinsey Quarterly 2002
    Number 2
  • Graphics from Enterprise E-Commerce

52
Data at the Edge
New technologies do not create chaos, they
expose and accelerate it.
  • In 1869 the transcontinental railroad enabled and
    accelerated the migration westward.
  • In the 40s and 50s, the interstate system
    enabled and accelerated migration to the
    suburbs.
  • In the 80s and 90s computing become less
    centralized
  • Accelerated by PCs, relational databases, SQL,
    the Web
  • Data migrated out of glass houses and closer to
    the user
  • Web Services, XQuery, XML
  • The latest technologies to help people get better
    control over data and processes that help them in
    their daily activities
  • and in doing so, data will migrate closer to the
    edge

53
Sources of Semantic Chaos
  • Data at the edge enables different processes for
  • different payment history and methods
  • different customers and partners
  • different legal jurisdictions
  • Data at the edge is more personalized
  • Call Sally
  • My cell phone knows who I mean
  • A centralized corporate directory does not
  • With personalization comes differences
  • with differences comes semantic chaos

Dont blame my phone.
54
The Information Continuum
Generating Intellectual Capital
  • Creating new knowledge from existing knowledge

Adding Context
High
  • Driving business processes with knowledge
  • Classifying documents, creating classification
    schemes

Increasing Value
  • Collecting information about the quality and
    usefulness of the information

Managing Assets
  • Putting information into managed locations

Level of Investment
Low
Capture
Organize
Synthesize
Evaluate
Low
High
Process Complexity
55
eXtreme Semantics
  • Semantics Data Behavior1
  • Semantic Interoperability
  • Adaptive systems sharing semantic descriptions
  • The future requires new standards and systems
  • Semantics is the traction point between data and
    processes
  • Practical When a friend says cool... dont put
    on a coat
  • System Purchase orders trigger processes to
    manufacture, package, ship and bill

1 Semantics in Business Systems The Savvy
Managers Guide Dave McComb Morgan Kauffman
September 2003ISBN 1-55860-917-2
56
Questions XML Web Services and eComm
  • What is the future of XML in e-business?
  • XML will remain a foundation of information
    interchange and information interchange is a
    foundation of e-business.
  • Are there ways to apply XML that are not
    currently being done?
  • Validation
  • Do you think they will be realized?
  • Yes, there is now technology that makes it
    affordable.
  • What are the threats to XML to remain open
    source?
  • Our selves. We are making it so complex that some
    one can come in and just fix it for us.
  • Complexity is creating a new priesthood
  • The very reason we broke SGML

57
XML Challenge
  • Because XML was so stripped down, it was easy to
    adopt and extend because it was so stripped
    down, adopters almost had to extend it.
  • And we did. And other people did, too.   You now
    have
  • XML XLINK XSL Namespaces Infoset XML
    Linking XPointer Framework XPointer
    namespaces XPointer xptr() XSLT XPath XSL
    FO DOM Sax stylesheet linking PI XML
    Schema XQuery XML Encryption XML
    Canonicalization XML Signature DOM Level 2
    DOM Level 3.
  • But it grew. It grew more complex. It grew
    confusing.

http//www.mhxml.com/projects/w3c/xml-is-five-fina
l.htm
58
Learning XML
  • Should XML be a required class for all
    Information Technology graduates?
  • Yes. Information is the core of IT
  • NO. It would be difficult to assure the quality
    of that education.
  • What is the best way to go about learning XML?
  • Reliable Books
  • Modeling Business Objects with XML Schema
  • System Architecture with XML
  • Just Do It
  • www.xpriori.com
  • See Also
  • http//www.xml.com/axml/testaxml.htm

59
Thank You
  • Daves Web Sites
  • Contivo - http//www.contivo.com
  • Personal - http//www.mhxml.com
  • dmh_at_mhxml.com

First Sheeps Law of the universe Everything
has both intended and unintended consequences.
The intended consequences may or may not happen
the unintended consequences always do!
60
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