War and Revolt in 19th Century China: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 18511864 and the Arrow War 185618

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War and Revolt in 19th Century China the
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) and the
Arrow War (1856-1860)
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Treaty Ports resulting from the Treaty of
Nanjing, 1842
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Preconditions for Revolt in south China

• Population growth (over 350 million)
• War and indemnity
• Military weakness
• Natural disasters

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Origins of the Taipings

• Disorder in south China
• Hong Xiuquan
• Fails exams
• Illness
• God Worshipers Society
• Jintian Uprising 1851

Founder of the Taiping movement, Hong Xiuquan
(1814-1864)
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Taiping Forces (right) defeating Manchu troops in
battle
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British illustration of Taiping soldiers, 1857
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The Rise of Regional Military Forces

• Zeng Guofan
• Hunan Army
• Personal bonds
• Better pay
• Ever Victorious Army
• Frederick Townsend Ward
• Charles Chinese Gordon

Portrait of Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)
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Frederick Townsend Ward, Commander of the Ever
Victorious Army
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Illustration of British naval brigade
participating in the Arrow War
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(Beijing)
(Tianjin)
(Dagu Forts)
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Interior of the Dagu fort after a battle in the
Arrow War, 1860
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Chinese dead at the Dagu Forts during the Arrow
War, 1856-1860
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British and Chinese officials weighing a payment
of the indemnity following the Arrow War
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Beijing Convention, 1860

• Chinese open 10 more ports
• Minister resides in Beijing
• Free navigation of the Yangzi River
• Travel to the interior
• Tolerance of missionaries
• Legalized opium trade
• Indemnity
• Kowloon ceded to Great Britain

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